1. The Age of European Explorations
& Conquests

2. Motives for European Exploration
The Crusades resulted in Muslims cutting Europeans off from trade with China, India (Ex = Spain – why?)
The Renaissance (Humanism) led to a great curiosity about other lands and peoples
The Reformation resulted in many refugees needing new homes & missionaries seeking new souls to convert
Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue
Fame, fortune & glory!

3. New Naval Technologies
Better Maps - increased safety,
Astrolabe – helped determine what time it was (helped with speed, latitude)
Sextant – determine latitude (location)
Mariner’s Compass – determine N / S / E / W

4. New Weapons Technology

5. Prince Henry, the Navigator
Established a School for Navigation, 1419
Trained sailors, captains in navigation, seamanship
Encouraged & sponsored Portuguese explorers

6. Portuguese Exploration in Africa, Asia
1460s-80s: Explored the west coast of Africa
Bartolomeo Dias, 1487: rounded the Cape of Good Hope (southern tip of Africa) but didn’t make it to India
Vasco da Gama, 1498: first European to sail to India
Around Africa, across Indian Ocean to Calicut and Goa

7. Diaz’s Trip to India

8. Activity
Compare and contrast Portuguese exploration with Spanish exploration by reading the following documents.
Proceed to answer the corresponding questions and complete the graphic organizer.
Due EOC.

9. Warm Up

10. Spain and the “West Indies”

11. Christofo Colon [ ]
Goal was to find westward passage to China – why?
Christopher Columbus’ early life (Italian; at sea from age 10; to Spain in 1487)
Looked for sponsors for voyages (Leaders of Portugal; Genoa; Venice; England; Spain)

12. Columbus’ Four Voyages
When Columbus died, he was convinced that he had discovered a route to China & the Far East

13. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World Early 16c

14. Other Voyages of Exploration
Cabot: Italian,
working for English
(route to North
America)
Amerigo Vespucci:
Italian; explored S. America and lent his name to the Continent

15. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

16. The First Spanish Conquest: The Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II

17. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
Aztec myths
Spanish allied with
Aztec enemies
Invited Montezuma
to a meeting, then
kidnapped him!
Without a ruler,
Aztec empire
disintegrated

18. The First Spanish Conquests The Incas
3 expeditions
Took advantage of civil war of Incans
Captured Atahualpa, ransomed for 22x17 room filled with gold!
Disease killed most Incans
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa

19. Treasures from the Americas

20. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Official European Colony!
Explorers
Conquistadores
Official European Colony!
Missionaries
Permanent Settlers

21. Activity
Compare and Contrast Native American and European values by reading the following documents.
Proceed to answer the corresponding questions.
Due EOC.

22. Mercantilism Economic policy that viewed prosperity as a zero sum game
Measured in gold / silver that a country had
Neighboring country ex.
Best way to accumulate wealth = positive balance of trade, with colonies
Get raw materials from colony
Sell finished goods to colony
Government should be protectionist (tariffs & colonies)

23. The Columbian Exchange
One of the most significant events of world history
Exchange of plants, animals, products & diseases between “old” and “new” worlds
What did each world get?

24. The “Columbian Exchange”
Squash
Avocado
Peppers
Sweet Potatoes
Turkey
Pumpkin
Quinine
TOBACCO
Cocoa
Pineapple
Cassava
POTATO
Peanut
TOMATO
Vanilla
MAIZE (corn)
Syphilis
Olive
COFFEE BEAN
Banana
Rice
Onion
Turnip
Honeybee
Barley
Grape
Peach
SUGAR
CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits
Pear
Wheat
HORSE
Cattle
Sheep
Pigs
Smallpox
Flu
Typhus
Measles
Malaria
Diptheria
Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS

25. The Potato

26. Activity
Examine the connection between mercantilism and the Columbian Exchange by reading the following documents.
Proceed to answer the corresponding questions.
Due EOC.

27. The “Triangle” Trade Slave trade consisted of three parts
First, Europeans brought manufactured goods to Africa
Second, Europeans took Africans to Americas as slaves (“middle passage”)
Third, Europeans took raw materials back to Europe

28. The Slave Trade
Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans (African v. African; Muslims v. African)
In New World, Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane very difficult to harvest
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas

29. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

30. Slave Ship
“Middle Passage”

31. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

32. African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

33. Activity
Examine the various interpretations of the middle passage by reading the following documents.
Proceed to answer the corresponding questions.
Due EOC.

34. European Empires in the Americas

35. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
Conflict between Spanish,
Portuguese
Who would get what lands
In New World?
Pope’s Line: Everything W
Of line, to Spanish; E of
Line, to Portuguese
Treaty Line: formalized
Agreement between sides

36. New Colonial Rivals
Portugal lacked the population and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean
Spain conquered the Philippines
First English expedition to the Indies in 1591
Surat in NW India in 1608
Dutch arrived in India in 1595

37. New Colonial Rivals

38. Impact of European Expansion
Native populations ravaged by disease; survivors converted to Christianity
Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created great wealth – and an inflationary economic climate
New products introduced across the continents (“Columbian Exchange”)
Deepened rivalries between European countries

39. Quiz