1. Water Scenario of PAkistan
“It is not the strongest of the species that survives, or the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change.”
Charles Darwin (1859)

2. Objective
To become Thought Leaders on water sector in Pakistan by conducting a detailed study; analyzing the present and future water balance leading to recommendations for public policy development.

3. Global Fresh Water Availability
Background
Global Fresh Water Availability
Picture 1 : Freshwater availability (m3 per person per year, 2007)
Pakistan falls in the water stressed regions!
20 % of the World’s population lives in water-scarce regions, and as many as 45 % of the World Population could experience water scarcity by 2025

4. Current Situation in Pakistan
Background
Current Situation in Pakistan
Table 2:Per Capita Water Availability of Pakistan (WAPDA Report 2003)
Table 3:Per Capita Water Availability of different countries
Year
Population (M)
Per Capita Water Availability(m3)
1981 84
2100
2000
148
1200
2013
207
850
2025
221
659
Country
1955
1990
2025
USA
14,934
9,913
7,695
Philippines
13,507
5,173
3,072
Mexico
11,396
4,226
2,597
Iraq
18,441
6,029
2,356
China
4,597
2,427
1,818
Pakistan
2,490
1,672
837
Population Action Control ,1993
uniform theme logo
There is no consensus on the exact per capita water availability
The water situation in Pakistan is going from bad to worse

5. Water Availability: Surface Water
Background
Water Availability: Surface Water
Picture 3 :Tibet Plateau
Picture 4:Tibet Plateau and major rivers
The sources of Indus and Sutlej is in the Chinese-held Tibetan Plateau
Tibet has a unique triple role of Asia’s water repository, water supplier, and rainmaker

6. Pakistan’s Water Demand
Background
Pakistan’s Water Demand
Table 10:Pakistan’s Water Scenario
Year
2004
2025
Availability
104 MAF
104MAF ?????
Requirement (Including Drinking Water)
115 MAF
135MAF
Overall Shortfall
11 MAF
31 MAF
WAPDA has assumed a value of 104 MAF for it’s year 2025 vision since 2004

7. Section 2: Problems and Challenges of Water Management in Pakistan

8. Problems and Challenges of Water Management in Pakistan3 1 2
Poor Agriculture
Practices
Inadequate Infrastructure
Policy Constraints 6 4 5
Degradation of Water Quality
Politics
Increase in Water Demand

9. 1-Poor Agriculture Practices
Problem & Challenges of Water Management in Pakistan
1-Poor Agriculture Practices
Table 12 :Seepage Losses in Irrigation System
Seepage Losses in Irrigation System
(MAF)
Grand Total
65.0
Seeps underground and replenishes Freshwater aquifer
33.0
Wasted in underground saline water aquifer
32.0
Bigger canals
8.0
Distributaries and minors
3.5
Water-courses
12.5
Agriculture Field
Source: Planning & Development Division Estimates
Seepage losses in irrigation system due to poor irrigation infrastructure
The Irrigation System can be lined to avoid the freshwater seepage into the system
Easiest is to line watercourses as they can be isolated and attended all year round

10. 1-Poor Agriculture Practices: Low Agriculture Yield
Problem & Challenges of Water Management in Pakistan
1-Poor Agriculture Practices: Low Agriculture Yield
Graph 2:Wheat yields per unit of land & water
Table 13 :Water Productivity for Wheat
Water Productivity for Wheat
Pakistan
India
California
0.5 kg/m3
1.0 kg/m3
1.5 kg/m3
Table 14 :Water Intensive Cropping
Water Intensive Cropping
% of Cultivated Land
Crops
Pakistan
USA
India
Wheat 53 17 30
Sugarcane -
4.5
Rice 16 1 28
The productivity of water in Pakistan is among the lowest in the world
We are exporting our water in the shape of water intensive crops and products
*Major Crop is Corn:30% and Soya:27% Glance at Poor Agriculture Practices

11. 1-Poor Agricultural Practices: Water Intensive Cropping
Problem & Challenges of Water Management in Pakistan
1-Poor Agricultural Practices: Water Intensive Cropping
Picture 6:Overexploitation of groundwater from Aral Sea ,a huge reservoir of freshwater
2008
1989
The demise of the Aral Sea in Central Asia remains one of the most iconic global images
Cotton was unnecessarily sown around a thirsty area which converted Aral Sea into small ponds  

12. Water Usage-Virtual Water
Problem & Challenges of Water Management in Pakistan
Water Usage-Virtual Water
Graph 3: How many liters of water is required to produce 1 Kg of:
Adapted from ‘UNESCO’ (2009)

13. 2-Inadequate Infrastructure: Low Storage Capacity
Problem & Challenges of Water Management in Pakistan
2-Inadequate Infrastructure: Low Storage Capacity
Table 15 :No. of Storage Days of Different Basins
Table 16 :No. of Dams in Selected Countries
Basins (Country)
Storage Days
Colorado –USA
900
Murray Darling (Australia)
Orange (South Africa)
500
Cauvery(India)
150
Indus (Pakistan) 30
Country
Large Dams*
China
85,100
United States
9,265
India
5,102
Brazil
1,392
Pakistan
154
Pakistan has one of the lowest storage capacity in cubic meters per capita among semi-arid countries
* A large dam is defined by the dam industry as one higher than 15 metres

14. 2-Inadequate Infrastructure: Low Storage Capacity
Problem & Challenges of Water Management in Pakistan
2-Inadequate Infrastructure: Low Storage Capacity
Table 17:Water Storage Opportunity Lost during floods
River Flows & Storage Potential
Down Stream Kotri Average Flows ( )
31.31 MAF*
Uses
Minimum Downstream Kotri Requirement
minus 8.6 MAF
Capacity enhancement of Mangla Dam by raising dam height
minus2.9 MAF
Decrease in flow of Indian Rivers (As per Indus Water Treaty)
minus2.0 MAF
Water Going in Sea
17.81 MAF
*This is the quantity available during floods, otherwise the water flow is very low in normal years

15. 2-Inadequate Infrastructure: Siltation Reducing Storage Capacity
Problem & Challenges of Water Management in Pakistan
2-Inadequate Infrastructure: Siltation Reducing Storage Capacity
Table 18:Reservoir Sedimentation
Reservoirs
Storage Capacity
Original
Year 2009
Year 2012
Year 2025
MAF
Tarbela
9.68 (1974)
6.78
6.5
5.38
Mangla
5.34 (1967)
7.34*
7.32
7.08
Chashma
0.72 (1971)
0.37
0.43
0.34
Total
15.74
14.49
14.25
12.8
* = (Increase in height)=7.34
Mangla Dam’s capacity was increased by 2.88 MAF in 2009
Our existing total capacity is approximately 14 MAF

16. 2-Inadequate Infrastructure: Flooding due to Siltation
Problem & Challenges of Water Management in Pakistan
2-Inadequate Infrastructure: Flooding due to Siltation
Silt builds up in dams & barrages
River width compromised due to settlement and population growth
Reduced river width causes silt deposition in the river bed, reducing its depth & flow capacity
High risk of disastrous flooding to human settlements close to the river in the future
Over the past 67 years, there have been 21 major floods in Pakistan(NDMA)
These floods have inflicted a cumulative financial loss of more than $37 billion
Graph 4: Flood Losses in Pakistan

17. 2-Inadequat Infrastructure: Unfavorable Climate Change
Problem & Challenges of Water Management in Pakistan
2-Inadequat Infrastructure: Unfavorable Climate Change
Picture 7: Flood 2010
Picture 8: Flood 2014
The volume of flood water was more than 4 times of Pakistan's annual reservoirs’ capacity
Flood in the Chenab River played havoc in the country
It caused over 200 deaths and over 700 villages washed away

18. Section 3 : Recommendations for Water Challenges in Pakistan

19. Recommendations Short Term Recommendations (Within 1 Year)
Lining of Water Course & Distributaries
Floodwater Harvesting-New Lakes
Rainwater Harvesting
Artificial Rain
Fish-duck-rice farming
Importing Water-Intensive Products
Efficient Water Resource Management
Hydroponics
Grey Water Harvesting
Hydroponics, heis

20. Recommendations Mid Term Recommendations (1 to 5 years)
Water Pricing
Dredging Barrages & Upstream areas within bunds
Construct more link canals between rivers
Check Dams
Cropping Pattern/Better Yield Crops
Improving Urban Water Distribution
Industrial Wastewater Treatment
Reverse Osmosis of Saline Water
Long Term Recommendations(More than 5 years)
Lining of Canals
Desalination
Building dams & reservoirs