1. Subsistence

2. Learning Objectives: Subsistence Unit  1. Identify the subsistence patterns found in human societies  2. Identify the cultural characteristics of a society that might be inferred from knowing the society’s subsistence patterns  3. Identify the changes brought about by the transition to food production.

3. Adaptive Strategies  Means of making a living  1) Foraging  2) Horticulture  3) Agriculture  4) Pastoralism

4. Foraging  Until 10,000 years ago this was the strategy of all humans  Rely on available natural resources  1.  2.  Variation among world’s foragers

5. Foraging: Hunting  Typically a male domain though ___________________  Influence of the Environment

6. Foraging: Gathering  Typically a female domain  1.  2.  Provides most of the nutritional requirements for the group (60-70%)

7. Foraging: Inuit  Alaska & Canada  ________

8. Foraging: San (Bushmen)  1997-2002: 3,000 of the 10,000 known San people were relocated  ___________________________________  2006 court ruling -- ___________________  Global political action for indigenous peoples  Conditions were imposed  Access to area, water, hunting, permits

9. Horticulture  The _____________________________________  Hoes and digging sticks  Fields are not continually planted  Does not produce ____________________  Supplement diet by _______________________

10. Horticultural Techniques  Slash and Burn  1.  2.  Polyculture:

11. Horticultural Groups  Low population densities  Lack of surplus maintains __________________  Some nomadic populations  Continuously exploit new soil when old plots have lost their usefulness  Some permanent settlements  Move horticultural plots ___________________

12. Horticulturalists of Today  Yanomamo of Brazil,  Kayapo of Brazil,  Hopi of the Southwestern U.S.,  Peoples of the Nile River Valley in Egypt,  Common in Indonesia and the Philippines.  Populations in Madagascar

13. Agriculture  Cultivation using land and labor continuously and intensively  Focus of our discussion:  1.  2  3.

14. Agriculture: Domesticated Animals  Means of production  1.  2.  3.  4.

15. Agriculture: Irrigation  Benefits  Cultivate a plot year around  Enrichment of soil  Considered a capital investment  Example: Ifugao Rice FieldsIfugao Rice Fields

16. Agriculture: Irrigation & Terracing

17. Cultivation Continuum Horticulture: ______________________ Agriculture: ____________ __________________________________________________ Key Difference between H & A: _________________vs. _________________

18. Pastoralism  Subsistence strategy relying on domesticated animals  Adaptation to one’s environment  Areas where _________  Only in ____________

19. Pastoralism  Degree of sedentism depends on animals  Camels, cows, goats: ______________  Pigs: _______________________  Types of Mobility  ________________: Annual movement of the entire pastoral group with herds  _________________: Part of the group moves with seasonally with herd