1. Renaissance and Reformation Section 2 Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus The Renaissance Spreads North Philosophers and Writers Artists The Northern Renaissance

2. Renaissance and Reformation Section 2 Reading Focus How did the Renaissance spread to northern Europe? What contributions did writers and philosophers make to the northern Renaissance? How did the works of northern artists differ from those of the Italian Renaissance? Main Idea Renaissance ideas soon spread beyond Italy to northern Europe by means of trade, travel, and printed material, influencing the art and ideas of the north. The Northern Renaissance

3. Renaissance and Reformation Section 2 Trade, the movement of artists and scholars, and the development of printing helped spread Renaissance ideas north from Italy. As cities grew, vast trading network spread across northern Europe Network dominated by Hanseatic League, merchant organization, 1200s to 1400s –Protected members from pirates, other hazards –Built lighthouses, trained ship captains Trading Goods Northern Europeans traded ideas, goods; spread Italian Renaissance north Fleeing violence, Italian artists brought humanist ideas, painting techniques north Northern scholars traveled to Italy, brought ideas home Universities started in France, Netherlands, Germany Trading Ideas The Renaissance Spreads North

4. Renaissance and Reformation Section 2 Printing Press Mid-1400s, Johannes Gutenberg cast letters of alphabet on metal plates, locked metal plates on wooden press; perfected movable type printing Result, one of most dramatic upheavals world has ever known Italics Gutenberg’s first publication, 1,282-page Bible Printers soon appeared in other cities, made books quickly, inexpensively Explosion of printed material quickly spread Renaissance ideas Printed Word Available to More Before only way to reproduce writing was by hand; long, painstaking process With movable type, text quickly printed; producing books faster, cheaper Easier access to books prompted more people to learn to read A Book Revolution

5. Renaissance and Reformation Section 2 Find the Main Idea How did Renaissance ideas spread to northern Europe? Answer(s): Ideas were exchanged through trade; artists and scholars traveled between Italy and the north; printing press allowed easier bookmaking; ideas spread with printed material.

6. Renaissance and Reformation Section 2 Northern humanists expressed their own ideas Combined interests of theology, fiction and history Created philosophical works, novels, dramas, and poems Combined Christian ideas, humanism Wrote of pure, simple Christian life, educating children Fanned flames of discontent Roman Catholic Church censored, condemned works Desiderius Erasmus More’s best-known work, Utopia, contains criticisms of English government, society Presents vision of perfect, non-existent society based on reason Sir Thomas More Italian-born writer focused on role of women in society Grew up in French court of Charles V; turned to writing when widowed Championed equality, education for women Christine de Pisan Philosophers and Writers

7. Renaissance and Reformation Section 2 Use of language, choice of themes made plays appealing even to uneducated Plays helped spread ideas of Renaissance to mass audience Focused on lives of realistic characters, unlike morality plays By Shakespeare’s death, 1616, London scene of thriving theatre district Spread Renaissance Ideas Many believe English playwright William Shakespeare greatest writer Plots not original, but treatments of them masterful Drew inspiration from ancient, contemporary literature Knowledge of natural science, humanist topics expressed in plays William Shakespeare Shakespeare and His Characters

8. Renaissance and Reformation Section 2 Summarize What are some characteristics of Renaissance writers’ work? Answer(s): expressed humanist ideas, scientific knowledge, realistic experiences, and social conditions

9. Renaissance and Reformation Section 2 Artists Like literary counterparts, northern European artists influenced by Italian Renaissance Adopted Italian techniques Works reflected more realistic view of humanity –Italian artists tried to capture beauty of Greek, Roman gods in paintings –Northern artists tried to depict people as they really were

10. Renaissance and Reformation Section 2 Renaissance Art in Northern Europe Should not be considered an appendage to Italian art. But, Italian influence was strong. –Painting in OIL, developed in Flanders, was widely adopted in Italy. The differences between the two cultures: –Italy  change was inspired by humanism with its emphasis on the revival of the values of classical antiquity. –No. Europe  change was driven by religious reform, the return to Christian values, and the revolt against the authority of the Church. More princes & kings were patrons of artists.

11. Renaissance and Reformation Section 2 Characteristics of Northern Renaissance Art The continuation of late medieval attention to details. Tendency toward realism & naturalism [less emphasis on the “classical ideal”]. Interest in landscapes. More emphasis on middle-class and peasant life. Details of domestic interiors. Great skill in portraiture.

12. Renaissance and Reformation Section 2 1400s, German artist Albrecht Dürer visited Italy On return, used Italian techniques of realism, perspective Oil paintings exhibit features unique to northern Renaissance Oils reproduced textures; reflection of objects, scenes outside window Artists of Netherlands developed own style, Flemish School Used technique perfected by Jan van Eyck, 1400s Fused the everyday with religious; lit candle represents God’s presence Flemish School 1500s, Pieter Brueghel the Elder used Italian techniques Paintings showed scenes from everyday peasant life Different from mythological scenes of Italian paintings Everyday Life Dürer and Others

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14. Renaissance and Reformation Section 2, The Virgin and Chancellor Rolin, 1435. Jan van Eyck (1395 – 1441)

15. Renaissance and Reformation Section 2 Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife (Wedding Portrait) Jan Van Eyck 1434

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17. Renaissance and Reformation Section 2 Albrecht Durher (1471-1528) The greatest of German artists. A scholar as well as an artist. His patron was the Emperor Maximilian I. Also a scientist –Wrote books on geometry, fortifications, and human proportions. Self-conscious individualism of the Renaissance is seen in his portraits.  Self-Portrait at 26, 1498.

18. Renaissance and Reformation Section 2 Duhrer Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse woodcut, 1498

19. Renaissance and Reformation Section 2 Duhrer The Last Supper woodcut, 1510

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21. Renaissance and Reformation Section 2 Hans Holbein, the Younger (1497-1543) One of the great German artists who did most of his work in England. While in Basel, he befriended Erasmus. –Erasmus Writing, 1523  Henry VIII was his patron from 1536. Great portraitist noted for: –Objectivity & detachment. –Doesn’t conceal the weaknesses of his subjects.

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23. Renaissance and Reformation Section 2 Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525-1569) One of the greatest artistic geniuses of his age. Worked in Antwerp and then moved to Brussels. In touch with a circle of Erasmian humanists. Was deeply concerned with human vice and follies. A master of landscapes; not a portraitist. –People in his works often have round, blank, heavy faces. –They are expressionless, mindless, and sometimes malicious. –They are types, rather than individuals. –Their purpose is to convey a message.

24. Renaissance and Reformation Section 2 Bruegel’s, Tower of Babel, 1563

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26. Renaissance and Reformation Section 2 Domenikos Theotokopoulos (El Greco) The most important Spanish artist of this period was Greek. 1541 – 1614. He deliberately distorts & elongates his figures, and seats them in a lurid, unearthly atmosphere. He uses an agitated, flickering light. He ignores the rules of perspective, and heightens the effect by areas of brilliant color. His works were a fitting expression of the Spanish Counter-Reformation.

27. Renaissance and Reformation Section 2 El Greco Christ in Agony on the Cross 1600s

28. Renaissance and Reformation Section 2 Contrast How did northern Renaissance artwork differ from that of Italian artists? Answer(s): depicted everyday objects, people as they actually were