1. 1 Introduction to x86 Assembly, part II or “What does my laptop actually do?” Ymir Vigfusson Some slides gracefully borrowed from 18-213@CMU

2. 2 Review Example int logical(int x, int y) { int t1 = x^y; int t2 = t1 >> 17; int mask = (1<<13) - 7; int rval = t2 & mask; return rval; } int logical(int x, int y) { int t1 = x^y; int t2 = t1 >> 17; int mask = (1<<13) - 7; int rval = t2 & mask; return rval; } logical: pushl %ebp movl %esp,%ebp movl 12(%ebp),%eax xorl 8(%ebp),%eax sarl $17,%eax andl $8185,%eax popl %ebp ret Body Set Up Finish movl 12(%ebp),%eax# eax = y xorl 8(%ebp),%eax# eax = x^y (t1) sarl $17,%eax# eax = t1>>17 (t2) andl $8185,%eax# eax = t2 & mask (rval)

3. 3 Review Example int logical(int x, int y) { int t1 = x^y; int t2 = t1 >> 17; int mask = (1<<13) - 7; int rval = t2 & mask; return rval; } int logical(int x, int y) { int t1 = x^y; int t2 = t1 >> 17; int mask = (1<<13) - 7; int rval = t2 & mask; return rval; } logical: pushl %ebp movl %esp,%ebp movl 12(%ebp),%eax xorl 8(%ebp),%eax sarl $17,%eax andl $8185,%eax popl %ebp ret Body Set Up Finish movl 12(%ebp),%eax# eax = y xorl 8(%ebp),%eax# eax = x^y (t1) sarl $17,%eax# eax = t1>>17 (t2) andl $8185,%eax# eax = t2 & mask (rval)

4. 4 Review Example int logical(int x, int y) { int t1 = x^y; int t2 = t1 >> 17; int mask = (1<<13) - 7; int rval = t2 & mask; return rval; } int logical(int x, int y) { int t1 = x^y; int t2 = t1 >> 17; int mask = (1<<13) - 7; int rval = t2 & mask; return rval; } logical: pushl %ebp movl %esp,%ebp movl 12(%ebp),%eax xorl 8(%ebp),%eax sarl $17,%eax andl $8185,%eax popl %ebp ret Body Set Up Finish movl 12(%ebp),%eax# eax = y xorl 8(%ebp),%eax# eax = x^y (t1) sarl $17,%eax# eax = t1>>17 (t2) andl $8185,%eax# eax = t2 & mask (rval)

5. 5 Review Example int logical(int x, int y) { int t1 = x^y; int t2 = t1 >> 17; int mask = (1<<13) - 7; int rval = t2 & mask; return rval; } int logical(int x, int y) { int t1 = x^y; int t2 = t1 >> 17; int mask = (1<<13) - 7; int rval = t2 & mask; return rval; } logical: pushl %ebp movl %esp,%ebp movl 12(%ebp),%eax xorl 8(%ebp),%eax sarl $17,%eax andl $8185,%eax popl %ebp ret Body Set Up Finish movl 12(%ebp),%eax# eax = y xorl 8(%ebp),%eax# eax = x^y (t1) sarl $17,%eax# eax = t1>>17 (t2) andl $8185,%eax# eax = t2 & mask (rval) 2 13 = 8192, 2 13 – 7 = 8185

6. 6 Control: Condition codes

7. 7 Processor State (IA32, Partial) Information about currently executing program  Temporary data ( %eax, … )  Location of runtime stack ( %ebp, %esp )  Location of current code control point ( %eip, … )  Status of recent tests ( CF, ZF, SF, OF ) %eip General purpose registers Current stack top Current stack frame Instruction pointer CFZFSFOF Condition codes %eax %ecx %edx %ebx %esi %edi %esp %ebp

8. 8 Condition Codes (Implicit Setting) Single bit registers  CF Carry Flag (for unsigned)SF Sign Flag (for signed)  ZF Zero FlagOF Overflow Flag (for signed) Implicitly set (think of it as side effect) by arithmetic operations Example: addl/addq Src,Dest ↔ t = a+b CF set if carry out from most significant bit (unsigned overflow) ZF set if t == 0 SF set if t < 0 (as signed) OF set if two’s-complement (signed) overflow (a>0 && b>0 && t =0) Not set by lea instruction

9. 9 Condition Codes (Explicit Setting: Compare) Explicit Setting by Compare Instruction  cmpl Src2, Src1  cmpl b,a like computing a-b without setting destination  CF set if carry out from most significant bit (used for unsigned comparisons)  ZF set if a == b  SF set if (a-b) < 0 (as signed)  OF set if two’s-complement (signed) overflow (a>0 && b 0 && (a-b)>0)

10. 10 Condition Codes (Explicit Setting: Test) Explicit Setting by Test instruction  testl Src2, Src1 testl b,a like computing a&b without setting destination  Sets condition codes based on value of Src1 & Src2  Useful to have one of the operands be a mask  ZF set when a&b == 0  SF set when a&b < 0

11. 11 Reading Condition Codes SetX Instructions  Set single byte based on combinations of condition codes SetXConditionDescription seteZF Equal / Zero setne~ZF Not Equal / Not Zero setsSF Negative setns~SF Nonnegative setg~(SF^OF)&~ZF Greater (Signed) setge~(SF^OF) Greater or Equal (Signed) setl(SF^OF) Less (Signed) setle(SF^OF)|ZF Less or Equal (Signed) seta~CF&~ZF Above (unsigned) setbCF Below (unsigned)

12. 12 movl 12(%ebp),%eax# eax = y cmpl %eax,8(%ebp)# Compare x : y setg %al# al = x > y movzbl %al,%eax# Zero rest of %eax Reading Condition Codes (Cont.) SetX Instructions:  Set single byte based on combination of condition codes One of 8 addressable byte registers  Does not alter remaining 3 bytes  Typically use movzbl to finish job int gt (int x, int y) { return x > y; } int gt (int x, int y) { return x > y; } Body %eax%ah%al %ecx%ch%cl %edx%dh%dl %ebx%bh%bl %esi %edi %esp %ebp

13. 13 Conditional branches and moves

14. 14 Jumping jX Instructions  Jump to different part of code depending on condition codes jXConditionDescription jmp1 Unconditional jeZF Equal / Zero jne~ZF Not Equal / Not Zero jsSF Negative jns~SF Nonnegative jg~(SF^OF)&~ZF Greater (Signed) jge~(SF^OF) Greater or Equal (Signed) jl(SF^OF) Less (Signed) jle(SF^OF)|ZF Less or Equal (Signed) ja~CF&~ZF Above (unsigned) jbCF Below (unsigned)

15. 15 Conditional Branch Example int absdiff(int x, int y) { int result; if (x > y) { result = x-y; } else { result = y-x; } return result; } int absdiff(int x, int y) { int result; if (x > y) { result = x-y; } else { result = y-x; } return result; } absdiff: pushl %ebp movl %esp, %ebp movl 8(%ebp), %edx movl 12(%ebp), %eax cmpl %eax, %edx jle.L6 subl %eax, %edx movl %edx, %eax jmp.L7.L6: subl %edx, %eax.L7: popl %ebp ret Body1 Setup Finish Body2b Body2a

16. 16 Conditional Branch Example (Cont.) int goto_ad(int x, int y) { int result; if (x <= y) goto Else; result = x-y; goto Exit; Else: result = y-x; Exit: return result; } int goto_ad(int x, int y) { int result; if (x <= y) goto Else; result = x-y; goto Exit; Else: result = y-x; Exit: return result; } C allows “goto” as means of transferring control  Closer to machine-level programming style Generally considered bad coding style absdiff: pushl %ebp movl %esp, %ebp movl 8(%ebp), %edx movl 12(%ebp), %eax cmpl %eax, %edx jle.L6 subl %eax, %edx movl %edx, %eax jmp.L7.L6: subl %edx, %eax.L7: popl %ebp ret Body1 Setup Finish Body2b Body2a

17. 17 GO TO statements considered harmful

18. 18 Conditional Branch Example (Cont.) int goto_ad(int x, int y) { int result; if (x <= y) goto Else; result = x-y; goto Exit; Else: result = y-x; Exit: return result; } int goto_ad(int x, int y) { int result; if (x <= y) goto Else; result = x-y; goto Exit; Else: result = y-x; Exit: return result; } absdiff: pushl %ebp movl %esp, %ebp movl 8(%ebp), %edx movl 12(%ebp), %eax cmpl %eax, %edx jle.L6 subl %eax, %edx movl %edx, %eax jmp.L7.L6: subl %edx, %eax.L7: popl %ebp ret Body1 Setup Finish Body2b Body2a

19. 19 Conditional Branch Example (Cont.) int goto_ad(int x, int y) { int result; if (x <= y) goto Else; result = x-y; goto Exit; Else: result = y-x; Exit: return result; } int goto_ad(int x, int y) { int result; if (x <= y) goto Else; result = x-y; goto Exit; Else: result = y-x; Exit: return result; } absdiff: pushl %ebp movl %esp, %ebp movl 8(%ebp), %edx movl 12(%ebp), %eax cmpl %eax, %edx jle.L6 subl %eax, %edx movl %edx, %eax jmp.L7.L6: subl %edx, %eax.L7: popl %ebp ret Body1 Setup Finish Body2b Body2a

20. 20 Conditional Branch Example (Cont.) int goto_ad(int x, int y) { int result; if (x <= y) goto Else; result = x-y; goto Exit; Else: result = y-x; Exit: return result; } int goto_ad(int x, int y) { int result; if (x <= y) goto Else; result = x-y; goto Exit; Else: result = y-x; Exit: return result; } absdiff: pushl %ebp movl %esp, %ebp movl 8(%ebp), %edx movl 12(%ebp), %eax cmpl %eax, %edx jle.L6 subl %eax, %edx movl %edx, %eax jmp.L7.L6: subl %edx, %eax.L7: popl %ebp ret Body1 Setup Finish Body2b Body2a

21. 21 Loops

22. 22 C Code int pcount_do(unsigned x) { int result = 0; do { result += x & 0x1; x >>= 1; } while (x); return result; } int pcount_do(unsigned x) { int result = 0; do { result += x & 0x1; x >>= 1; } while (x); return result; } Goto Version int pcount_do(unsigned x) { int result = 0; loop: result += x & 0x1; x >>= 1; if (x) goto loop; return result; } int pcount_do(unsigned x) { int result = 0; loop: result += x & 0x1; x >>= 1; if (x) goto loop; return result; } “Do-While” Loop Example Count number of 1’s in argument x (“popcount”) Use conditional branch to either continue looping or to exit loop

23. 23 Goto Version “Do-While” Loop Compilation Registers: %edxx %ecxresult movl$0, %ecx# result = 0.L2:# loop: movl%edx, %eax andl$1, %eax# t = x & 1 addl%eax, %ecx# result += t shrl%edx# x >>= 1 jne.L2# If !0, goto loop int pcount_do(unsigned x) { int result = 0; loop: result += x & 0x1; x >>= 1; if (x) goto loop; return result; } int pcount_do(unsigned x) { int result = 0; loop: result += x & 0x1; x >>= 1; if (x) goto loop; return result; }

24. 24 C Code do Body while ( Test ); do Body while ( Test ); Goto Version loop: Body if ( Test ) goto loop loop: Body if ( Test ) goto loop General “Do-While” Translation Body: Test returns integer  = 0 interpreted as false  ≠ 0 interpreted as true { Statement 1 ; Statement 2 ; … Statement n ; }

25. 25 C CodeGoto Version “While” Loop Example Is this code equivalent to the do-while version?  Must jump out of loop if test fails int pcount_while(unsigned x) { int result = 0; while (x) { result += x & 0x1; x >>= 1; } return result; } int pcount_while(unsigned x) { int result = 0; while (x) { result += x & 0x1; x >>= 1; } return result; } int pcount_do(unsigned x) { int result = 0; if (!x) goto done; loop: result += x & 0x1; x >>= 1; if (x) goto loop; done: return result; } int pcount_do(unsigned x) { int result = 0; if (!x) goto done; loop: result += x & 0x1; x >>= 1; if (x) goto loop; done: return result; }

26. 26 While version while ( Test ) Body while ( Test ) Body Do-While Version if (! Test ) goto done; do Body while( Test ); done: if (! Test ) goto done; do Body while( Test ); done: General “While” Translation Goto Version if (! Test ) goto done; loop: Body if ( Test ) goto loop; done: if (! Test ) goto done; loop: Body if ( Test ) goto loop; done:

27. 27 C Code “For” Loop Example Is this code equivalent to other versions? #define WSIZE 8*sizeof(int) int pcount_for(unsigned x) { int i; int result = 0; for (i = 0; i < WSIZE; i++) { unsigned mask = 1 << i; result += (x & mask) != 0; } return result; } #define WSIZE 8*sizeof(int) int pcount_for(unsigned x) { int i; int result = 0; for (i = 0; i < WSIZE; i++) { unsigned mask = 1 << i; result += (x & mask) != 0; } return result; }

28. 28 “For” Loop  While Loop for ( Init ; Test ; Update ) Body For Version Init ; while ( Test ) { Body Update ; } While Version

29. 29 “For” Loop Form for ( Init ; Test ; Update ) Body General Form for (i = 0; i < WSIZE; i++) { unsigned mask = 1 << i; result += (x & mask) != 0; } for (i = 0; i < WSIZE; i++) { unsigned mask = 1 << i; result += (x & mask) != 0; } i = 0 i < WSIZE i++ { unsigned mask = 1 << i; result += (x & mask) != 0; } { unsigned mask = 1 << i; result += (x & mask) != 0; } Init Test Update Body

30. 30 “For” Loop  …  Goto for ( Init ; Test ; Update ) Body For Version Init ; while ( Test ) { Body Update ; } While Version Init ; if (! Test ) goto done; do Body Update while( Test ); done: Init ; if (! Test ) goto done; do Body Update while( Test ); done: Init ; if (! Test ) goto done; loop: Body Update if ( Test ) goto loop; done: Init ; if (! Test ) goto done; loop: Body Update if ( Test ) goto loop; done:

31. 31 C Code “For” Loop Conversion Example Initial test can be optimized away #define WSIZE 8*sizeof(int) int pcount_for(unsigned x) { int i; int result = 0; for (i = 0; i < WSIZE; i++) { unsigned mask = 1 << i; result += (x & mask) != 0; } return result; } #define WSIZE 8*sizeof(int) int pcount_for(unsigned x) { int i; int result = 0; for (i = 0; i < WSIZE; i++) { unsigned mask = 1 << i; result += (x & mask) != 0; } return result; } Goto Version int pcount_for_gt(unsigned x) { int i; int result = 0; i = 0; if (!(i < WSIZE)) goto done; loop: { unsigned mask = 1 << i; result += (x & mask) != 0; } i++; if (i < WSIZE) goto loop; done: return result; } int pcount_for_gt(unsigned x) { int i; int result = 0; i = 0; if (!(i < WSIZE)) goto done; loop: { unsigned mask = 1 << i; result += (x & mask) != 0; } i++; if (i < WSIZE) goto loop; done: return result; } Init ! Test Body Update Test

32. 32 So what about these arrays? int a[16]; char *c; c = (char *)malloc(256); How are arrays actually represented in assembly?

33. 33 Basic Data Types Integral  Stored & operated on in general (integer) registers  Signed vs. unsigned depends on instructions used IntelASMBytesC byte b 1[ unsigned ] char word w 2[ unsigned ] short double word l 4[ unsigned ] int quad word q 8[ unsigned ] long int (x86-64) Floating Point  Stored & operated on in floating point registers IntelASMBytesC Single s 4 float Double l 8 double Extended t 10/12/16 long double

34. 34 Array Allocation Basic Principle T A[ L ];  Array of data type T and length L  Contiguously allocated region of L * sizeof( T ) bytes char string[12]; xx + 12 int val[5]; x x + 4x + 8x + 12x + 16x + 20 double a[3]; x + 24 x x + 8x + 16 char *p[3]; x x + 8x + 16 x + 24 x x + 4x + 8x + 12 IA32 x86-64

35. 35 Array Access Basic Principle T A[ L ];  Array of data type T and length L  Identifier A can be used as a pointer to array element 0: Type T* ReferenceType?Value? val[4]int 3 valint * x val+1int * x + 4 &val[2]int * x + 8 val[5]int ?? *(val+1)int 5 val + i int * x + 4i int val[5]; 15213 x x + 4x + 8x + 12x + 16x + 20

36. 36 Array Example Declaration “ zip_dig cmu ” equivalent to “ int cmu[5] ” Example arrays were allocated in successive 20 byte blocks  Not guaranteed to happen in general #define ZLEN 5 typedef int zip_dig[ZLEN]; zip_dig cmu = { 1, 5, 2, 1, 3 }; zip_dig mit = { 0, 2, 1, 3, 9 }; zip_dig ucb = { 9, 4, 7, 2, 0 }; zip_dig cmu; 15213 16 2024283236 zip_dig mit; 02139 36 4044485256 zip_dig ucb; 94720 56 6064687276

37. 37 Array Access - Idea Array start 4 element array of ints %edx %eax Offset

38. 38 Array Accessing Example Register %edx contains starting address of array Register %eax contains array index Desired digit at 4*%eax + %edx Use memory reference (%edx,%eax,4) int get_digit (zip_dig z, int dig) { return z[dig]; } # %edx = z # %eax = dig movl (%edx,%eax,4),%eax # z[dig] IA32 zip_dig cmu; 15213 16 2024283236

39. 39 # edx = z movl$0, %eax# %eax = i.L4:# loop: addl$1, (%edx,%eax,4)# z[i]++ addl$1, %eax# i++ cmpl$5, %eax# i:5 jne.L4# if !=, goto loop Array Loop Example (IA32) void zincr(zip_dig z) { int i; for (i = 0; i < ZLEN; i++) z[i]++; }

40. 40 Pointer Loop Example (IA32) void zincr_p(zip_dig z) { int *zend = z+ZLEN; do { (*z)++; z++; } while (z != zend); } void zincr_v(zip_dig z) { void *vz = z; int i = 0; do { (*((int *) (vz+i)))++; i += ISIZE; } while (i != ISIZE*ZLEN); } # edx = z = vz movl$0, %eax# i = 0.L8:# loop: addl$1, (%edx,%eax)# Increment vz+i addl$4, %eax# i += 4 cmpl$20, %eax# Compare i:20 jne.L8# if !=, goto loop

41. 41 How do we fit a 2D matrix into memory? 41 abc def ghi abc def ghi Row-major ordering Q: How do we find cell (i,j)?

42. 42

43. 43 Nested Array Example “ zip_dig pgh[4] ” equivalent to “ int pgh[4][5] ”  Variable pgh : array of 4 elements, allocated contiguously  Each element is an array of 5 int ’s, allocated contiguously Important: “Row-Major” ordering of all elements guaranteed #define PCOUNT 4 zip_dig pgh[PCOUNT] = {{1, 5, 2, 0, 6}, {1, 5, 2, 1, 3 }, {1, 5, 2, 1, 7 }, {1, 5, 2, 2, 1 }}; zip_dig pgh[4]; 7696116136156 152061521315217 152 2 1

44. 44 Multidimensional (Nested) Arrays Declaration T A[ R ][ C ];  2D array of data type T  R rows, C columns  Type T element requires K bytes Array Size  R * C * K bytes Arrangement  Row-Major Ordering A[0][0]A[0][C-1] A[R-1][0] A[R-1][C-1] int A[R][C]; A [0] A [0] [C-1] A [1] [0] A [1] [C-1] A [R-1] [0] A [R-1] [C-1] 4*R*C Bytes abc def ghi

45. 45 Nested Array Row Access Row Vectors  A[i] is array of C elements  Each element of type T requires K bytes  Starting address A + i * (C * K) A [i] [0] A [i] [C-1] A[i] A [R-1] [0] A [R-1] [C-1] A[R-1] A A [0] A [0] [C-1] A[0] A+i*C*4A+(R-1)*C*4 int A[R][C];

46. 46 Nested Array Row Access Code Row Vector  pgh[index] is array of 5 int ’s  Starting address pgh+20*index IA32 Code  Computes and returns address  Compute as pgh + 4*(index+4*index) int *get_pgh_zip(int index) { return pgh[index]; } # %eax = index leal (%eax,%eax,4),%eax# 5 * index leal pgh(,%eax,4),%eax# pgh + (20 * index) #define PCOUNT 4 zip_dig pgh[PCOUNT] = {{1, 5, 2, 0, 6}, {1, 5, 2, 1, 3 }, {1, 5, 2, 1, 7 }, {1, 5, 2, 2, 1 }};

47. 47 Nested Array Row Access Array Elements  A[i][j] is element of type T, which requires K bytes  Address A + i * (C * K) + j * K = A + (i * C + j)* K A [i] [j] A[i] A [R-1] [0] A [R-1] [C-1] A[R-1] A A [0] A [0] [C-1] A[0] A+i*C*4A+(R-1)*C*4 int A[R][C]; A+i*C*4+j*4

48. 48 Nested Array Row Access Array Elements  A[i][j] is element of type T, which requires K bytes  Address A + i * (C * K) + j * K = A + (i * C + j)* K A [i] [j] A[i] A [R-1] [0] A [R-1] [C-1] A[R-1] A A [0] A [0] [C-1] A[0] A+i*C*4A+(R-1)*C*4 int A[R][C]; A+i*C*4+j*4 A[i][j] == A + (i*C + j)*K

49. 49 Nested Array Element Access Code Array Elements  pgh[index][dig] is int  Address: pgh + 20*index + 4*dig  = pgh + 4*(5*index + dig) IA32 Code  Computes address pgh + 4*((index+4*index)+dig) int get_pgh_digit (int index, int dig) { return pgh[index][dig]; } movl8(%ebp), %eax# index leal(%eax,%eax,4), %eax# 5*index addl12(%ebp), %eax# 5*index+dig movlpgh(,%eax,4), %eax# offset 4*(5*index+dig)

50. 50 struct rec { int a[3]; int i; struct rec *n; }; Structure Allocation Concept  Contiguously-allocated region of memory  Refer to members within structure by names  Members may be of different types Memory Layout ian 0 12 16 20

51. 51 struct rec { int a[3]; int i; struct rec *n; }; IA32 Assembly # %edx = val # %eax = r movl %edx, 12(%eax) # Mem[r+12] = val void set_i(struct rec *r, int val) { r->i = val; } Structure Access Accessing Structure Member  Pointer indicates first byte of structure  Access elements with offsets ian 0 12 16 20 r+12r

52. 52 movl12(%ebp), %eax# Get idx sall$2, %eax# idx*4 addl8(%ebp), %eax# r+idx*4 int *get_ap (struct rec *r, int idx) { return &r->a[idx]; } Generating Pointer to Structure Member Generating Pointer to Array Element  Offset of each structure member determined at compile time  Arguments  Mem[ %ebp +8]: r  Mem[ %ebp +12]: idx r+idx*4r ian 0 12 16 20 struct rec { int a[3]; int i; struct rec *n; };