1. “One and the Many”: A Platonic Puzzle “One and the Many”: A Platonic Puzzle Lecture by Kyoo Lee

2. The Philosophical Problem  One in the Many  Many in One  Examples  Related Concepts

3. Historical Snapshot  Arche  Logos  Pre-Socratics  Parmenides  Heraclites  Plato (via Socrates)

4. Plato, The Republic [A Thesis: Philosophy and philosophers do or else must rule the republic.] OutlineOutline The Republic [Books I-X, Another Useful Outline] Outline  Book IJustice, in search of the perfect and complete definition of  Book IIJustice and “the good,” nature of and relationship between  Book IIIJustice, keeping: importance of the guardians/guards  Book IVJustice, achieving the organic unity of (cf. “Natural Virtues”)  Book VJustice and rule by forms (cf. "The Theory of Forms")  Book VIJustice and mathematical rationality (cf. “the Divided Line”)  Book VIIJustice, educational and collective (cf. “the Allegory of the Cave”)  Book VIIIJustice, forms of governing and the ideal of  Book IXJustice and the immorality of tyranny  Book XJustice and immortality

5. Metaphysical Dualism; Metaphor of the Proper Place (IV: 433-4) Justice: One/Many? Natural Harmony/Classification Justice: One/Many? Natural Harmony/Classification Justice "Justice, I think, is exactly what we said must be established throughout the city when we were founding it—either that or some form of it. We stated, and often repeated, if you remember, that everyone must practice one of the occupations in the city for which he is naturally best suited.... Moreover, we’ve heard many people say and have often said ourselves that justice is doing one’s own work and not meddling with what isn’t one’s own.... Then, it turns out that this doing one’s own work—provided that it comes to be in a certain way—is justice (433 a - b ).... Therefore, from this point of view also, the having and doing of one’s own would be accepted as justice (433 e -434 a )."

6. Metaphysical Dualism; Analogy of The Divided Line (VI: 508-9)  AC : CE = AB : BC  AC = Visible. CE = Invisible but Intelligible. “Of all the organs of sense, the eye is the most like the Sun. […] And the Soul is like the eye: when resting upon that on which truth and being shine, the soul perceives and understands and radiant with intelligence; but when turned towards the twilight of becoming and perishing, then she has opinion only, and then of another, and seems to have no intelligence.” (508c-d)

7. Metaphysical Dualism; Analogy of The Divided Line (VI: 508-9) AC = Opinion [dóxa] vs. CE = Knowledge [epistêmê][dóxa][epistêmê] AC [dóxa] : Sensorial/ Sensational[dóxa] 1. Image-based Perception [eikásia][eikásia] 2. Belief [pístis][pístis] CE [epistêmê] : Intelligible/ Intellectual[epistêmê] 3. Understanding or Thought [diánoia][diánoia] 4. Rational Intuition or Reason [nóêsis][nóêsis] A DIAGRAM

8. Metaphysical Dualism; Allegory of the Cave (VII: 514-521)

9. Questions  Why and how does the “Two-World” View become a Logical Conclusion in the Platonic system of thinking?  Discuss and justify, in Platonic or anti- Platonic terms, the hierarchy among the illusory, the real and, now today, “the virtual.”