1. Chapter 11…We continue to learn a lot about the solar system by using space exploration.

2. 4.09 Describe the effects of solar phenomena on Earth.
Average sized star
Millions of km away
300,000 more massive then Earth
99% of all mass in our solar system
About 5 billon Years old with 5 billion more to go!

4. 4.10 Define and describe how the following phenomena affect life on Earth. Include:
1. SUNSPOTS
dark patches of slightly cooler (3500°C) surface areas on the sun.
increase and decrease in number on an 11-yr cycle.
may be related to changes in the Earth’s climate .

5. 4.10 continued… 2. SOLAR FLARES eruptions of gas on the suns surface
can last a few hours
temperatures increase up to 11,000,000°C
Creates Solar Winds

6. 3. Solar Winds
Located on the surface of the sun and send high energy particles past Earth.
Earth is protected from solar wind by magnetic field.
Some particles enter the Earth’s atmosphere to create Auroras. (Northern/Southern lights)

7. 4.10 continued… Some solar winds can disturb Earth’s magnetic field
disable satellites,
knock out power lines,
expose astronauts to high levels of radiation

8. 4.11 Describe the composition and characteristics of the following components of the solar system. Include:
1. The sun
2. Terrestrial and gas planets
3. Dwarf planets (Pluto)
4. Periodicity of comets
5. Asteroids
6. Meteors /meteorite/meteroid

9. 4.11 continued…
The sun Done in outcome 4.10

10. 4.11 continued… Terrestrial and Gaseous Planets
To be a planet you must…
orbit 1 or more stars
be large enough so its gravity holds it in place
be the only body in its orbital path
Earth
Venus
Mercury
Mars

11. Terrestrial Planets

12. Terrestrial Planet…Mercury
Closest to the sun
Smallest planet
Extreme difference between temperatures for day and night (4000C to -1830C)

13. Terrestrial Planets…Venus
Earth’s sister planet because of similar size and composition
Atmosphere mostly CO2
Very thick cloud made up of sulphuric acid rain
Radar probe showed surface to have volcanoes, lava flows and areas that are flat

14. Terrestrial planet…Earth
Home to only known life
Suitable temperature and atmosphere for life
Water in all 3 phases
Tectonic activity, running water and atmospheric conditions shape surface

15. Terrestrial Planet…Mars
“Red Planet” because of large amounts of iron in surface
Large volcano and dust storms
Two polar ice caps made of CO2 and water
Rover
Volcano 3x larger than Mt. Everest
Two moons

16. Gaseous (Outer or Jovian) Planets

17. Jupiter Largest planet in solar system Giant Red Spot..raging storms
Shortest day… 10 hours
16-63 moons
Four large moons
Io with erupting volcanoes

18. Giant Red Spot

19. Jupiter’s Galilean moons

20. Io’s Active Volcano

21. Saturn Composed mainly of hydrogen and helium Very large gas planet
Highly visible rings
Rings are formed from ice particles rather than chunks of rock

22. Saturn’s Satellites or moons
18 to 62 moons

23. Uranus Composition similar to Jupiter and Saturn
Blue color from methane gas
Flipped on its side and appears to be rolling through its orbit
27-32 moons

24. Neptune Outermost planet Similar composition to saturn
Faint ring system
13 to 18 moons

25. Neptune Atmosphere… hydrogen, helium, methane, and ammonia
Blue color from methane gas
Dark blue spot seems to appear and disappear (possible storms)

26. 4.11 continued…

27. 4.11 continued…
A Comparison of 3 dwarf planets and Earth, notice some have moons and some don’t

28. 4.11 continued… COMETS “dirty snowballs” composed of ice, rock and gas
Originate from the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud

29. 4.11 continued… Travel in long elliptical orbits around the sun
Affected by the gravitational pulls
of other planets

30. 4.11 continued…
Develop a long dust tail as sunlight starts to melt the ice
Most famous is Halley’s comet which is visible every 76 years or so
Sir Edmund Halley

31. 4.12 Compare and contrast the composition of the four inner rocky (terrestrial) planets with the four outer gaseous (Jovian) planets.
Check your notes and textbook

32. 4.13 Explain why Pluto is now called a dwarf planet.
See notes

33. 4.14 Describe how Pluto differs from the other eight planets.
See text and notes

34. 4.15 Describe the composition of comets.
See notes and text

35. 4.16 Define periodicity as it relates to comets.
"Period" is the amount of time it takes an object in orbit to return to its starting location.
Comets travel in short and long periods around the sun in elliptical orbits

36. The elliptical orbit of Halley’s Comet

37. 4.17 Compare and contrast asteroid, meteor, and meteorite.
ASTEROIDS
Small bodies believed to be the leftover remains of the formation of the Solar System
Mostly found in an asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter

38. 4.17 continued… They have irregular shapes
Range in size from a grain of sand up to 1000km
An asteroid up to 1 km would devastate Earth

39. 4.17 continued…
Meteor
meteoroid that burns up as it passes through Earths atmosphere
seen as a shooting star

40. 4.17 continued…
Meteoroid
Rocky chunks, broken off an asteroid or planet
Floats through space

41. 4.17 continued…
Meteorite
meteoroid that does not burn up fully in the Earths atmosphere
hits the Earths surface

42. 4.18 Define impact sites.
A place where a relatively small object (meteorite) has collided with a larger object (planet)
Circular depression in the surface of the larger object called an impact crater

43. Formation of craters
Sept, 2007 Peru

44. 4.19 Provide examples of how the Canadian Government and /or Canadian Space Agency are involved in research projects about space.
Research and development into devices that are used in space.
Selecting and educating astronauts for the space program
Partnership in building the International Space Station

45. 4.20 List Canadian contributions and partnerships to space research and exploration.
The Canadarm 1

46. 4.20 continued…
The International Space Station

47. 4.20 continued…
Canadian Space Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS) or Canadarm 2

48. 4.20 continued…
Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SPDM) or Canadahand

49. 4.21 Give examples of Canadian Astronauts.
Marc Garneau
First Canadian Astronaut in space in 1984
Flew three missions in
space
1984…Challenger
1992…Endeavour
1999…Endeavour

50. 4.21 continued… Roberta Bondar
The first Canadian woman in space in 1992.
Mission on the Discovery in 1992

51. 4.21 continued… Chris Hadfield First Canadian to walk in space
Two space missions:
1994…Atlantis
2001…Endeavour
Appointment to Space
Commander will become the
first Canadian to command
space station

52. 4.22 Describe the science underlying some technologies designed to explore space.
Rockets
System used to transport cargo and astronauts to space
Contains explosive fuels to create THRUST
Rockets do NOT require astronauts to be onboard

53. 4.22 continued… Space Suits Suit used by astronauts Provides oxygen
Communication system
Cooling system
System to simulate air
pressure on Earth’s surface

54. 4.22 continued… Orbiting Satellites
Electronic devices in orbit around Earth
Geosynchronous orbit…orbit is the same as Earth’s
direction and speed. Stationary above a fixed point on
Earth
Remote Sensing…collecting information about Earth from satellites and aerial photographs

55. 4.22 continued… Probes Space vehicle sent to other celestial bodies
Fly past, orbit or land on
celestial bodies
Examples:
New Horizons (2006)
Voyager 1 and 2 (1970s)

56. 4.22 continued… Rovers Probes that take the place of astronauts
Perform test, send back
information, and map
surface of celestial bodies
Examples:
Spirit (Mars)
Opportunity (Mars)

57. 4.22 continued… Optical Telescope Use refracting and
reflecting telescopes to
explore space
Disadvantages:
Cloudy weather
Air and light pollution
Distortion caused by heat and atmosphere

58. 4.22 continued… Radio Telescopes
Collects wavelengths longer than light
Radio signals are collected and focused on a receiver.
Signals are converted into electric impulses that can be interpreted as data

59. Water on the Moon