1. Le Moyne College Summer Math Academy August 2007 Information Literacy & The Internet/WWW

2. Le Moyne College Summer Math AcademySlide 2August 2007 Information Literacy and The Internet/WWW NYS Standard 5 – Technology –Computer Technology “… have greatly increased human productivity and knowledge.” –Technological Systems “… designed to achieve specific results and produce outputs, such as …” –History and Evolution of Technology “… has been the driving force in the evolution of society …” –Impacts of Technology “… can have positive and negative impacts on individuals, society, and the environment …”

3. Le Moyne College Summer Math AcademySlide 3August 2007 Information Literacy Models (aka information problem-solving approaches) Super3 (1) 1.Plan 2.Do 3.Review Big6 (1) 1.Task definition 2.Information seeking strategies 3.Location and access 4.Use of information 5.Synthesis 6.Evaluation (1) The “Super3™” and “Big6™” are copyright © (1987) Michael B. Eisenberg and Robert E. Berkowitz. For more information, visit: http://www.big6.comhttp://www.big6.com

4. Le Moyne College Summer Math AcademySlide 4August 2007 The Big6 Model 1. Task definition 1.1 Define information problem 1.2 Identify information needed 2. Information seeking strategies 2.1 Determine all possible sources 2.2 Select best sources 3. Location and access 3.1 Locate sources 3.2 Find information within sources 4. Use of information 4.1 Engage (read, hear, view, touch) 4.2 Extract relevant information 5. Synthesis 5.1 Organize from multiple sources 5.2 Present information 6. Evaluation 6.1 Judge product (effectiveness) 6.2 Judge process (efficiency) (1) The “Super3™” and “Big6™” are copyright © (1987) Michael B. Eisenberg and Robert E. Berkowitz. For more information, visit: http://www.big6.comhttp://www.big6.com

5. Le Moyne College Summer Math AcademySlide 5August 2007 The Internet & World Wide Web Largest collection of information ever constructed by humans –WWW As of Jan 2007: 433.1 million host domain names –(see www.isc.org/index.pl?/ops/ds/) –Library of Congress As of Dec 2006: 134.5 million items in collection –(see www.loc.gov/about/reports/)

6. Le Moyne College Summer Math AcademySlide 6August 2007 The Internet & World Wide Web (cont’d) Given size of WWW –Makes it challenging to do steps 2-4: 2. Information seeking strategies 2.1 Determine all possible sources 2.2 Select best sources 3. Location and access 3.1 Locate sources 3.2 Find information within sources 4. Use of information 4.1 Engage (read, hear, view, touch) 4.2 Extract relevant information

7. Le Moyne College Summer Math AcademySlide 7August 2007 Internet/WWW Topics History of Internet & WWW How WWW works WWW search engines The invisible (deep) web Security & privacy

8. Le Moyne College Summer Math AcademySlide 8August 2007 Telecommunications History Telegraph 1835Samuel Morse –First circuit connection Telephone 1876Alexander Graham Bell ARPANet 1969U.S. government –First packet-switched connection –First connection: UCLA and Stanford Research Institute Internet mid-1970’s LAN early 1980’s WWW 1991 Tim Berners-Lee

9. Le Moyne College Summer Math AcademySlide 9August 2007 A Comparison The Internet The interconnection of networks –A network of networks Why so successful? –Standard Protocols –Simple concept Send data in packets Drawbacks –No standards for content –Command line interface The World Wide Web The interconnection of files –Hypertext links create a web of resources Why so successful? –Standard protocols –Point & click interface –Standards for content HTML, XML Drawbacks –Too large?

10. Le Moyne College Summer Math AcademySlide 10August 2007 WWW - How it works Uniform Resource Locator (URL) –Address of data files on Internet http://web.lemoyne.edu/~voorhedp/index.html –Three parts: 1Internet application protocol http: 2Domain name - a specific computer on Internet //web.lemoyne.edu 3Hierarchical description of a file location on a computer /~voorhedp/index.html

11. Le Moyne College Summer Math AcademySlide 11August 2007 Domain Names Computers on Internet communicate via an IP address –IP means Internet Protocol Each WWW host (server) has unique: –IP address 192.231.124.141 –Domain name www.lemoyne.edu

12. Le Moyne College Summer Math AcademySlide 12August 2007 Domain Name Servers Domain Name Server (DNS) –Converts a domain name (www.lemoyne.edu) to an IP address (192.231.124.141)www.lemoyne.edu –Allows computers to then send data packets to a specific computer Generic Top-level Domain Names –.COM.EDU.ORG.MIL.GOV.NET National Top-level Domain Names –.UK.CA.FR.AU

13. Le Moyne College Summer Math AcademySlide 13August 2007 Searching on the WWW Most WWW search engines provide: –Simple search Type in search words –Advanced search Type in search words Select search options

14. Le Moyne College Summer Math AcademySlide 14August 2007 WWW Search Engines & Directories What is a www search engine? Answer: –Three separate software programs: 1Spider (crawler, bot) 2Create a huge index (catalog) 3Receive your search request, compare against index, return results What is a www directory? Answer: –A structured list of topics, navigable via links See http://searchenginewatch.com/webmasters for detailshttp://searchenginewatch.com/webmasters

15. Le Moyne College Summer Math AcademySlide 15August 2007 Some WWW Search Engines Major Search Engines www.google.com www.yahoo.com www.live.com www.ask.com search.aol.com www.altavista.com www.lycos.com search.netscape.com dmoz.com Metacrawlers and Metasearch Engines www.dogpile.com vivisimo.com www.kartoo.com www.mamma.com www.surfwax.com See http://searchenginewatch.com/links for detailshttp://searchenginewatch.com/links

16. Le Moyne College Summer Math AcademySlide 16August 2007 General Approach to Searching the Web 1.Use specialized search engine –Check searchenginewatch.com/links 2.Use a WWW directory –Find matching subject category –Use Yahoo or Google directory 3.Use metacrawler or webferret –Gets results from many search engines simultaneously Check searchenginewatch.com/links Focus on first 10 -20 items 4.Use subject directory approach –Use Google to search for “topic directory”

17. Le Moyne College Summer Math AcademySlide 17August 2007 General Approach to Searching the Web (cont’d) You’re starting to get desperate! 5.Rethink your search strategy –Subject too new? –Subject too old? 6.Search through older internet archives –Search USENET newsgroups –Use veronica, jughead, gopher, WAIS or some other internet-based information

18. Le Moyne College Summer Math AcademySlide 18August 2007 The Invisible (Deep) Web Crawler software is now much better at: –Reading content in non-HTML format E.g., PDF, Word docs, Excel, Corel suite The invisible web –Content on www that cannot be found by crawler software See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_web for details –Examples: crawlers cannot access online databases (i.e., cannot type username/password) crawlers exclude dynamic content (e.g., amazon.com book search)

19. Le Moyne College Summer Math AcademySlide 19August 2007 The Invisible (Deep) Web (cont’d) Academically valuable: –Librarian’s Internet Index (lii.org) –Academic Info (www.academicinfo.us) –Infomine (infomine.ucr.edu) Other worthwhile sites: –Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) –Digital Librarian (www.digital-librarian.com) –Invisible Web & Database Search Engines (searchenginewatch.com/links/article.php/2156181) –List of lists (www.specialissues.com/lol/) –About.com (websearch.about.com/od/invisibleweb)

20. Le Moyne College Summer Math AcademySlide 20August 2007 Security & Privacy in a Connected World Security –A technical term: Protecting access to resources, e.g.: –Physical: buildings, computers –Virtual: databases, e-mail, software, telecommunications Privacy –A legal term: Who has the right to CRUD your information? Who has the right to sell or buy your information?

21. Le Moyne College Summer Math AcademySlide 21August 2007 Security Username & password WWW Browser features –Automatically save your password? Never use this feature !!

22. Le Moyne College Summer Math AcademySlide 22August 2007 Security Threats Computer Virus –Software disguised as something else Causes unexpected and usually undesirable events –Spread through human action Computer Worm –A self-replicating virus Malware (malicious software) –Designed to infiltrate a computer system without your consent –Examples: Spyware, botnets, loggers, dialers Trojan Horse –Installs malware while under guise of doing something else

23. Le Moyne College Summer Math AcademySlide 23August 2007 Security Technology AntiVirus software –Signatures used to identify viruses, worms, trojan horses New viruses detected only when new signatures on PC! Turn on automatic download feature –Get new virus definition files at least once a week Firewall software –Blocks certain packets from being processed on your LAN/PC Encryption –Encode/decode data Anti-Malware software Proxy Server –Separates your LAN from the Internet –Hides your PC’s IP address

24. Le Moyne College Summer Math AcademySlide 24August 2007 Privacy Issues Identity theft National ID system Debate re: wire taps for IM, web browsing, discussion forums, etc. Opt-in versus opt-out

25. Le Moyne College Summer Math AcademySlide 25August 2007 Privacy Technology Wire taps –FBI software: “Carnivore” renamed “DCS” E-mail sniffing software Use of Biometrics –Finger print, iris scan, DNA, etc.