1. You are what you Consume: Chocolate Consumption and the Theory of Responsible Materialism Amanda L Mahaffey Centre for Social Research & Intervention Lisbon University Institute 18 September, 2012 ChoconomicsLeuven

2. Materialism Generally negative –Unhealthy relationship to material goods –Negatively correlated with happiness and wellbeing, self-esteem, wealth management –Unsustainable

3. Anti-Materialism

4. Responsible Materialism Generally positive –Healthy relationship to high quality, ethically and sustainably produced goods –Responsibility for means of production, consumption, maintenance, and disposal –More sustainable- economically and environmentally –Similar to eco-consumerism About the connection to the goods About quality AND quantity –Positively correlated with happiness and wellbeing, self-esteem, health consciousness, wealth management?

5. Chocolate Study Spring 2012

6. Benefits of Chocolate Consumption

7. Most craved food in the U.S. (Rozin, 1991) Mood –Elevated mood, for three minutes Tryptaphan – Serotonin, Phenylethamine Most likely psychological (Macht & Mueller, 2007) –Too quick to reach neurotransmitters Health –Lower risk of stroke, cholesterol, heart disease, inflammation, diabetes, etc.,… –Antioxidants reduce risk of sun damage Psychological benefits of ethically-produced chocolate consumption?

8. A Test of the Theory of Responsible Materialism Study of Ethical Chocolate Consumption –n = 106 (67% female) –U.S. Mturkers/Qualtrics –Mean age = 28 –2 Quality X 2 Quantity = 4 Experimental Conditions Hypotheses –Happiness/Wellbeing = Chocolate Quality X Quantity –Traditional Materialism = Chocolate Quality X Quantity

9. Dependent Variables Wellbeing –Ryff (1999) Wellbeing Scale –(  =.951, k = 54 –“For me, life has been a continuous process of learning, changing, and growth.” Traditional Materialism –Richins & Dawson (1992) Materialism Scale –(  =.91, k = 18 –“The things I own say a lot about how I am doing in life.”

10. Imagine you are opening this new bar of chocolate. It’s a large bar of chocolate you picked up at the gourmet foods store. This chocolate was cultivated by a small cocoa farm where the workers received a fair wage for their work. The beans were organically grown in a sustainable shade forest. Now imagine you break off one square and savor the flavor with small bites, letting each one melt in your mouth before taking another. You fold the wrapping back over and put the rest of the bar away for later because you know something this special should be savored over many days.

11. Imagine you are opening this new bar of chocolate. It’s a large bar of chocolate you picked up at the convenience store. This chocolate was cultivated by a large cocoa farm where the workers earned low wages for their work. The beans were grown with the use of pesticides in an endangered rain forest. Now imagine you eat the whole bar in one sitting. It’s so delicious, it’s hard to resist. You wad the packaging up and throw it in the trash, thinking about which bar you’ll get tomorrow.

12. Qualitative Responses Whole Bar of Low Quality, Unethically-produced Chocolate –“I feel like I really could eat one more right now.” One Square of Low Quality, Unethically-produced Chocolate –“Fine. I’d hope that no pesticides got into the chocolate.” Whole Bar of High Quality, Ethically-produced Chocolate –“I feel like I didn’t properly savor such a nice bar of chocolate that hard working individuals took so much time to produce.” One Square of High Quality, Ethically-produced Chocolate –“Happy, Amazing, Pleased, Joy, Relaxed, Warm, Content”

13. Wellbeing = Chocolate Quality X Quantity

14. Wellbeing = Quality X Quantity

15. Wellbeing (Environmental Mastery) = Quality X Quantity “In general, I feel I am in charge of the situation in which I live”

16. Wellbeing (Positive Relations with Others) = Quality X Quantity “People would describe me as a giving person, willing to share my time with others” Marginally significant

17. Wellbeing (Autonomy) = Quality X Quantity “My decisions are not usually influenced by what everyone else is doing” Marginally significant

18. Wellbeing (Purpose in Life) = Quality X Quantity “I live one day at a time and don’t really think about the future” (reverse scored) Marginally significant

19. Wellbeing (Self Acceptance) = Quality X Quantity “The past had its ups and downs, but in general, I wouldn’t want to change it”

20. Materialism = Chocolate Quality X Quantity

21. Materialism = Quantity Marginally significant

22. Materialism (Acquisition Centrality) = Quantity “Buying things gives me a lot of pleasure”

23. Results Wellbeing –Wellbeing (specifically being in control of one’s situation in life and future orientation) is associated with savoring small quantities of ethically-produced chocolate –Being happy with oneself no matter what is associated with consuming large quantities of unethically-produced chocolate Materialism –Desire to acquire goods is associated with consuming large quantities at once

25. Conclusions Happiness is a bar of organic, fair-trade, rainforest- safe chocolate –savored one square at a time Or, happiness is gorging on a big bar of poorly produced chocolate –Cognitive dissonance? Give people large quantities of chocolate and they’ll seek out more stuff

27. Thank You! Merci! Danke! Dank je wel! amanda.l.mahaffey@gmail.com