1. The French Revolution

2. Absolutism Absolute monarchs didn’t share power with a counsel or parliament “Divine Right of Kings” King James I of England

3. The Seigneurial System Feudal method of land ownership and organization Peasant labor Receiving a seigneurial grant

4. Louis XIV Ruled from 1643–1715 Reduced the power of the nobility Fought four wars Greatly increased France’s national debt

5. The Seven Years’ War Louis XV War fought in Europe, India, North America France ends up losing some of its colonial possessions Increases French national debt Louis XV French and English troops fight at the battle of Fort St. Philip on the island of Minorca

6. The Three Estates First Estate: clergy Second Estate: nobility Third Estate: the rest of society The Estates General Cartoon depicting the three Estates

8. Socio-Economic Data, 1789

9. The French Urban Poor

10. Urban Commoner’s Budget: –Food 80% –Rent 25% –Tithe 10% –Taxes 35% –Clothing 20% –TOTAL 170% King’s Budget: –Interest 50% –Army 25% –Versailles 25% –Coronation 10% –Loans 25% –Admin. 25% –TOTAL 160% Financial Problems in France, 1789

11. French Budget, 1774

12. Where is the tax money?

13. Commoners 3rd Estate Aristocracy 2nd Estate Clergy 1st Estate The Suggested Voting Pattern: Voting by Estates 1 1 1 Louis XIV insisted that the ancient distinction of the three orders be conserved in its entirety.

14. Commoners 3rd Estate Aristocracy 2nd Estate Clergy 1st Estate The Number of Representatives in the Estates General: Vote by Head! 300 648

15. The Third Estate Taxation Crop failures

16. The Enlightenment New ideas about society and government The social contract John Locke Jean-Jacques Rousseau

17. Europe on the Eve of the French Revolution

18. The American Revolution France supported the colonists against Great Britain Revolutionary ideals Marquis de Lafayette

19. Financial Crisis Jacques Necker Tax on property Calling of the Estates General Finance Minister Jacques Necker

20. The Estates General One vote per estate Clergy and nobility usually joined together to outvote the Third Estate Met in Versailles in May 1789 Voting controversy A meeting of the Estates General

21. Confrontation With the King Louis XVI ordered the Third Estate locked out of the National Assembly’s meeting hall The Tennis Court Oath The king reverses his position Artist Jacques Louis David’s depiction of the Tennis Court Oath

22. The National Assembly The Third Estate took action and established its own government On June 17, 1789, the National Assembly was formed

24. Storming of the Bastille Rioting in Paris in early July Firing of Necker July 14th: a mob storms and takes the Bastille

25. The Great Fear Rebellion spreads Peasants destroy the countryside End of feudal privileges

26. The Great Fear: Peasant Revolt (July 20, 1789) YRumors that the feudal aristocracy [the aristos] were sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage their land.

27. The Path of the “Great Fear”

28. National Constituent Assembly 1789 - 1791 August Decrees August 4-11, 1789 (A renunciation of aristocratic privileges!) Liberté! Egalité! Fraternité!

29. The Tricolor (1789) The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED & BLUE of Paris. Citizen! Citizen!

30. The Tricolor is the Fashion!

31. The “Liberty Cap”: Bonne Rouge

32. Revolutionary Symbols Cockade Revolutionary Clock La Republic Liberté

33. Revolutionary Playing Cards

34. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen August 26, 1789 VLiberty! VProperty! VResistance to oppression!

35. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Adopted by National Assembly on August 27th Enlightenment ideals Outlined basic freedoms held by all Asserted the sovereignty of the people “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité”

36. The March of Women Lower classes still unsatisfied Thousands of starving women and peasants march on Versailles Louis forced to return to Paris

37. Civil Constitution of the Clergy Financial crisis National Assembly confiscates and sells off church lands Church also secularized, reorganized Clergy oath of loyalty Cartoon depicting the confiscation of Church lands

38. Planting the Tree of Liberty 1790

39. Flight of the King Émigrés Louis XVI and his family attempted to flee France They were arrested at Varennes The capture of Louis XVI at Varennes

40. Reaction from Other Countries Declaration of Pillnitz Possible foreign intervention Illustration depicting Prussian King Frederick William III, Austrian Emperor Leopold II, and the Comte d’Artois, Louis XVI’s brother

41. New Constitution Constitutional monarchy New Legislative Assembly Sans-culottes Painting depicting the 1791 constitution

43. War With Austria France declares war War of the First Coalition Levee en masse Painting of the Battle of Valmy, 1792

44. The Radicals Take Over Paris mob stormed Tuileries Louis and family seek aid of Legislative Assembly Arrested and deposed Paris crowds storm the Tuileries

45. The National Convention First met on September 21, 1792 Revolutionary Calendar Monarchy abolished; France officially becomes a republic Factions: Jacobins vs. Girondins A Jacobin club

46. Jean-Paul Marat Georges Danton Leaders in the National Convention

47. Robespierre Lawyer Radical Jacobin Most controversial figure of the French Revolution

49. The Execution of the King The Verdict: The outcome of Louis’s trial was decided by a vote. The Jury of deputies had to answer three questions. Firstly, they had to decide whether or not Louis was guilty. All 693 deputies answered ‘Yes’. Secondly, they had to decide where there should be a referendum to decide his fate. 284 deputies said ‘Yes’, the rest said ‘No’. Finally the deputies were asked what the punishment should be. 321 said ‘prison or exile’, whilst 374 said the punishment should be death.

50. 21 st January 1793 – the day of the execution – preparations are made: The Convention needed to make sure that Louis’s execution went smoothly. Troops were stationed at the entrances to the city to prevent crowds from entering or leaving. 200 Mounted guards and 1200 foot soldiers were to surround Louis’s coach. There were around 80,000 armed men in Paris to ensure that problems did not arise. Louis’s own preparations included having a final meeting with his family, attending mass at 6 o’clock in the morning, and passing instructions to Clergy, his servant.

51. The Guillotine Dr. Joseph Guillotin Intended as a more humane method of execution Thousands guillotined during the French Revolution

52. Execution of the King On January 17, 1793, Louis XVI was convicted of treason He went to the guillotine four days later on January 21, 1793

53. The Committee of Public Safety Created to cease an internal rebellion in 1793 Given dictatorial power Ruled France for nearly a year A citizen petitions the Committee of Public Safety

54. The Reign of Terror July 1793– July 1794 Executions Death of Robespierre The execution of Marie Antoinette

55. The Thermidorean Reaction Robespierre overthrown on 9 Thermidor Committee of Public Safety dismantled Jacobin clubs disbanded New constitution adopted in August 1795 Executive branch known as the Directory 9 Thermidor meeting of the National Convention

56. The Directory Promoted middle class interests Financial crisis Food shortages Riots in Paris Rise of Napoleon Cartoon depicting the errors and bad judgment of the Directory

57. Napoleon Bonaparte Popularity rises after victories over the Austrians Conflict with Britain 1799 Coup d’etat The Consulate

58. Napoleon Becomes Emperor 1804: Napoleon crowns himself emperor

59. Legacies of the French Revolution End of absolutism Power of nobles ended Peasants became landowners Nationalism Enlightenment ideals