1. Presentation by Kathleen Stoeckle All Your iFRAMEs Point to Us 17th USENIX Security Symposium (Security'08), San Jose, CA, 2008 Google Technical Report Niels Provos Panayiotis Mavrommatis Moheeb Abu Rajab Fabian Monrose

2. Outline Purpose Background Information Data Collection Results Post-Infection Impact Related Work Conclusions Strengths and Weaknesses

3. Purpose Analysis of malware using malicious URLs collected over a ten month period. Identify malware trends. Raise questions about the security practices employed by site administrators.

4. Background Information

5. Techniques for Delivering Web-Malware 1. Attackers use websites in order to encourage visitors of the site to download and run malware. 2. “Drive-by Downloads” – Attackers target browser vulnerabilities in order to automatically download and run a malicious binary upon visiting the website (unknown to the user).

6. Definitions Landing pages and malicious URLs – URLs that initiate drive-by downloads when users visit them. Landing sites - Sites with top level domain names. Distribution site – A remote site that hosts malicious payloads. iFRAME – An html element that makes it possible to embed html inside another HTML document.

7. Existing Malware Installation Strategies Remote exploitation of vulnerable network services Connection to malicious servers Inject malicious content into benign websites Exploit scripting applications

8. Malicious Binary Injection Techniques Lure web users to connect to malicious servers that deliver exploits. (target vulnerabilities of web browsers or plugins) Inject content into benign websites : Exploit vulnerable scripting applications (p.4) Generally a link that redirects to malicious website that hosts the script to exploit browser. oInvisible HTML components (0 pixel iFRAMES) to hide injected content. Use websites that allow users to contribute content.

9. Drive-by Download.p.5

10. Data Collection Infrastructure and Methodology Pre-Processing Verification

11. Inspect URLs in google repository and determine which trigger drive-by downloads.

12. Pre-Processing Phase Mapreduce framework to process billions of websites. Uses certain features to identify these sites: “out of place” iFRAMES Obfuscated javascript iFRAMES to known distribution sites One billion sites analyzed daily, 1 million pass on to verification phase.

13. Verification Phase Determines whether URL from pre-processing phase is malicious. Web honeynet: Execution-based heuristics Anti-virus engines Criteria: Must meet threshold One http response must be marked malicious by the anti-virus scanner A url that has met threshold, but has no incoming payload is marked as suspicious. One million scanned, 25,000 marked malicious per day.

14. Constructing Malware Distribution Networks Analysis of recorded network traces. Combine malware delivery trees Live for 1 year Focus on drive-by downloads

15. Results

16. Data Collection Summary 10 month period 3 million malicious URLs found on 180,000 landing sites. Over 9,000 distribution sites Data Collection Period January - October 2007 Total URLs checked in-depth66,534,330 Total suspicious landing URLs3,385,889 Total malicious landing URLs3,427,590 Total malicious landing sites181,699 Total distribution sites9,340

17. Impact on Users At least 1 malicious URL returned in results (approx. 1.3% of overall search queries) Most popular landing page has a rank of 1,588 Of top 1 million URLs, 6,000 verified malicious during inspection.

18. Malware Hosting Site Distribution by Country

19. Malware Landing Site Distribution by Country

20. Random URL Sample

21. Malicious URLs by Subject Percentage of landing sites

22. Malicious Content Injection Web malware is not tied to browsing habits. Drive-by downloads can be triggered in benign websites: Compromised Web server Third party contributed content

23. Webserver Software Outdated software with known vulnerabilities Increased risk of content control by server exploitation. Ads 2% of landing sites 12% overall search content returned landing pages with malicious content. Short-lived compared to other malicious content-injecting techniques 75% have long delivery chains (50% with over six steps)

24. Properties of Malware Distribution Infrastructure Size Networks that use only 1 landing site Networks that have multiple landing sites IP Space Locality Concentrated on limited number of /8 prefixes. 70% malware distribution sites 58.*--62.* and 209.*--221.* Similar for scam hosting infrastructure 50% of landing sites Distribution of Malware Binaries Across Domains Hosting: 90% Single IP Address, 10% Multiple IP addresses Sub-folders of DNS name: 512j.com/akgy 512j.com/alavin 512j.com/anti mihanblog.com/abadan2 or mihanblog.com/askbox

25. Properties of Malware Distribution Infrastructure Examination of overlapping landing sites. 80% of distributions networks share at least 1 landing page. Multiple iFRAMES linking to different malware distribution sites. 25% of malware distribution share at least one binary. Binaries less frequently shared between distribution sites compared to landing sites.

26. Post-Infection Impact

27. Most Frequently Contacted Ports

28. Post-Infection Downloaded Executables Launched Processes Registry Changes

29. Anti-Virus Engine Detection Rates Pull-based delivery system Evaluate detection rates of well known anti-virus engines against suspected malware samples. Average of 70% for best engine (Even best anti-virus engine with latest definitions fail to cover significant percentage of web malware) False Positives – 6%

30. Related Work Honeypots – Moshschuk et al. Decrease in links to spyware labeled executables over time. Provos et al. And Seifert et al. Raised awareness of threats posed by drive-by downloads. Wang et al. Exploits in Internet Explorer on Windows XP. 200/17,000 URLs dangerous Malware Detection by Dynamic Tainting Analysis Insight into mechanisms malware installs itself and operates.

31. Conclusions 1.3% of incoming search queries on google return at least one link to a malicious site. Users lured into malware distribution networks by content in online Ads. Avoiding “dark corners” of the Internet does not limit exposure to malware. Anti-virus engines are lacking.

32. Strengths and Weaknesses Useful survey about malware installation. Broad data range Only examines google database For the most part, evaluation was automated and due to the broad scope, there is a lot missing in the analysis. Did not explain acronymns

33. References All Your iFRAMEs Point to Us. Niels Provos and Panayiotis Mavrommatis, Moheeb Abu Rajab, Fabian Monrose. 17th USENIX Security Symposium (Security'08), San Jose, CA, 2008. All Your iFRAMEs Point to Us