1. Forum Reichenau 2012 Towards a Common European Security and Defence Culture HANS-BERNHARD WEISSERTH Head of the ESDC

2.  1948 - Brussels Treaty - WEU  1949 - Washington Treaty - NATO  1950 - European Defence Community  1954 - … rejected by FR National Assembly  1954 - modified Brussels Treaty (GE / IT)  1970 - European Policy Co-ordination  the 80‘s - more discussions on European security  1990 - Maastricht Treaty (long-term objective: Common European Defence)  1992 - Petersberg / Revitalisation of WEU  1996 - NATO Berlin / Brussels - ESDI  1997 - Amsterdam Treaty (High Representative/Policy Unit / Petersberg Missions)  1998 - FR / UK Summit in St. Malo  1999 – CFSP/CSDP development under the EU / J. Solana takes office  2003 - Nice Treaty / enhanced role of PSC / integrating the WEU’s crisis management tasks into the EU  2004 - European Defence Agency  2009 - (December) Lisbon Treaty / provisions made include:  Permanent President of the European Council  HR of the Union for the CFSP supported by the EEAS (“EU Foreign Minister”)  Wider CSDP Mission Spectrum  Mutual Assistance Clause  Permanent Structured Co-operation  Solidarity Clause (relates to the prevention of terrorist threats) Cold War WEU EU Amsterdam Treaty Implementation EU Lisbon Treaty Implementation  1948 - Brussels Treaty - WEU  1949 - Washington Treaty - NATO  1950 - European Defence Community  1954 - … rejected by FR National Assembly  1954 - modified Brussels Treaty (GE / IT)  1970 - European Policy Co-ordination  the 80‘s - ‘EUROGROUPS’ in NATO  1990 - Maastricht Treaty (long-term objective: Common European Defence)  1992 - Petersberg / Revitalisation of WEU  1996 - NATO Berlin / Brussels - ESDI  1997 - Amsterdam Treaty (High Representative / Petersberg Missions)  1998 - FR / UK Summit in St. Malo  1999 – CFSP/CSDP development under the EU / J. Solana takes office  2003 - Nice Treaty / enhanced role of PSC / integrating the WEU’s crisis management tasks into the EU  2004 - European Security Strategy  2009 - (December) Lisbon Treaty / provisions made include:  Permanent President of the European Council  HR of the Union for the CFSP supported by the EEAS (“EU Foreign Minister”)  Wider CSDP Mission Spectrum  Mutual Assistance Clause  Permanent Structured Co-operation  Solidarity Clause (relates to the prevention of terrorist threats) Cold War Towards a Common European Security and Defence Culture

3. Example of an European Career  1948 - Brussels Treaty - WEU  1949 - Washington Treaty - NATO  1950 - European Defence Community  1954 - … rejected by FR National Assembly  1954 - modified Brussels Treaty (GE / IT)  1970 - European Policy Co-ordination  the 80‘s - more discussions on European security  1990 - Maastricht Treaty (long-term objective: Common European Defence)  1992 - Petersberg / Revitalisation of WEU  1996 - NATO Berlin / Brussels - ESDI  1997 - Amsterdam Treaty (High Representative/Policy Unit / Petersberg Missions)  1998 - FR / UK Summit in St. Malo  1999 – CFSP/CSDP development under the EU / J. Solana takes office  2003 - Nice Treaty / enhanced role of PSC / integrating the WEU’s crisis management tasks into the EU  2004 - European Defence Agency  2009 - (December) Lisbon Treaty / provisions made include:  Permanent President of the European Council  HR of the Union for the CFSP supported by the EEAS (“EU Foreign Minister”)  Wider CSDP Mission Spectrum  Mutual Assistance Clause  Permanent Structured Co-operation  Solidarity Clause (relates to the prevention of terrorist threats) Cold War WEU EU Amsterdam Treaty Implementation EU Lisbon Treaty Implementation  1948 - Brussels Treaty - WEU  1949 - Washington Treaty - NATO  1950 - European Defence Community  1954 - … rejected by FR National Assembly  1954 - modified Brussels Treaty (GE / IT)  1970 - European Policy Co-ordination  the 80‘s - ‘EUROGROUPS’ in NATO  1990 - Maastricht Treaty (long-term objective: Common European Defence)  1992 - Petersberg / Revitalisation of WEU  1996 - NATO Berlin / Brussels - ESDI  1997 - Amsterdam Treaty (High Representative / Petersberg Missions)  1998 - FR / UK Summit in St. Malo  1999 – CFSP/CSDP development under the EU / J. Solana takes office  2003 - Nice Treaty / enhanced role of PSC / integrating the WEU’s crisis management tasks into the EU  2004 - European Defence Agency  2009 - (December) Lisbon Treaty / provisions made include:  Permanent President of the European Council  HR of the Union for the CFSP supported by the EEAS (“EU Foreign Minister”)  Wider CSDP Mission Spectrum  Mutual Assistance Clause  Permanent Structured Co-operation  Solidarity Clause (relates to the prevention of terrorist threats) Cold War 1973/76 start of military career / study at the Bundeswehr University 1976/84 platoon leader / company commander armoured infantry 1984/86 General Staff Course Führungsakademie Hamburg 1986/88 G3 OP 10th Tank Division (southern Germany) 1988/90 General Staff Course NL War College in The Hague 1990/92 G3 Infantry / German Army Office (long-term development) 1993/96 WEU Planning Staff 1996/98 Assistant German Military Representative to NATO/WEU/EU 1998/99 MoD Bonn/Berlin – Desk Officer - European Operational Issues 1999/2009 – Policy Unit of the HR SOLANA – ESDP Task Force 2003 – part of HR working group for the elaboration of the ESS 2005 responsible for CSDP training / development and running of ESDC 2009 member of the EEAS / CMPD and Head of the ESDC

4. Towards a Common European Security and Defence Culture  1948 - Brussels Treaty - WEU  1949 - Washington Treaty - NATO  1950 - European Defence Community  1954 - … rejected by FR National Assembly  1954 - modified Brussels Treaty (GE / IT)  1970 - European Policy Co-ordination  the 80‘s - more discussions on European security  1990 - Maastricht Treaty (long-term objective: Common European Defence)  1992 - Petersberg / Revitalisation of WEU  1996 - NATO Berlin / Brussels - ESDI  1997 - Amsterdam Treaty (High Representative/Policy Unit / Petersberg Missions)  1998 - FR / UK Summit in St. Malo  1999 – CFSP/CSDP development under the EU / J. Solana takes office  2003 - Nice Treaty / enhanced role of PSC / integrating the WEU’s crisis management tasks into the EU  2004 - European Defence Agency  2009 - (December) Lisbon Treaty / provisions made include:  Permanent President of the European Council  HR of the Union for the CFSP supported by the EEAS (“EU Foreign Minister”)  Wider CSDP Mission Spectrum  Mutual Assistance Clause  Permanent Structured Co-operation  Solidarity Clause (relates to the prevention of terrorist threats) Cold War WEU EU Amsterdam Treaty Implementation EU Lisbon Treaty Implementation  1948 - Brussels Treaty - WEU  1949 - Washington Treaty - NATO  1950 - European Defence Community  1954 - … rejected by FR National Assembly  1954 - modified Brussels Treaty (GE / IT)  1970 - European Policy Co-ordination  the 80‘s - ‘EUROGROUPS’ in NATO Cold War

5.  1948 - Brussels Treaty - WEU  1949 - Washington Treaty - NATO  1950 - European Defence Community  1954 - … rejected by FR National Assembly  1954 - modified Brussels Treaty (GE / IT)  1970 - European Policy Co-ordination  the 80‘s - more discussions on European security  1990 - Maastricht Treaty (long-term objective: Common European Defence)  1992 - Petersberg / Revitalisation of WEU  1996 - NATO Berlin / Brussels - ESDI  1997 - Amsterdam Treaty (High Representative/Policy Unit / Petersberg Missions)  1998 - FR / UK Summit in St. Malo  1999 – CFSP/CSDP development under the EU / J. Solana takes office  2003 - Nice Treaty / enhanced role of PSC / integrating the WEU’s crisis management tasks into the EU  2004 - European Defence Agency  2009 - (December) Lisbon Treaty / provisions made include:  Permanent President of the European Council  HR of the Union for the CFSP supported by the EEAS (“EU Foreign Minister”)  Wider CSDP Mission Spectrum  Mutual Assistance Clause  Permanent Structured Co-operation  Solidarity Clause (relates to the prevention of terrorist threats) Cold War WEU EU Amsterdam Treaty Implementation EU Lisbon Treaty Implementation  1948 - Brussels Treaty - WEU  1949 - Washington Treaty - NATO  1950 - European Defence Community  1954 - … rejected by FR National Assembly  1954 - modified Brussels Treaty (GE / IT)  1970 - European Policy Co-ordination  the 80‘s - ‘EUROGROUPS’ in NATO  1990 - Maastricht Treaty (long-term objective: Common European Defence)  1992 - Petersberg / Revitalisation of WEU  1996 - NATO Berlin / Brussels - ESDI  1997 - Amsterdam Treaty (High Representative / Petersberg Missions) Cold War Towards a Common European Security and Defence Culture

6.  1948 - Brussels Treaty - WEU  1949 - Washington Treaty - NATO  1950 - European Defence Community  1954 - … rejected by FR National Assembly  1954 - modified Brussels Treaty (GE / IT)  1970 - European Policy Co-ordination  the 80‘s - more discussions on European security  1990 - Maastricht Treaty (long-term objective: Common European Defence)  1992 - Petersberg / Revitalisation of WEU  1996 - NATO Berlin / Brussels - ESDI  1997 - Amsterdam Treaty (High Representative/Policy Unit / Petersberg Missions)  1998 - FR / UK Summit in St. Malo  1999 – CFSP/CSDP development under the EU / J. Solana takes office  2003 - Nice Treaty / enhanced role of PSC / integrating the WEU’s crisis management tasks into the EU  2004 - European Defence Agency  2009 - (December) Lisbon Treaty / provisions made include:  Permanent President of the European Council  HR of the Union for the CFSP supported by the EEAS (“EU Foreign Minister”)  Wider CSDP Mission Spectrum  Mutual Assistance Clause  Permanent Structured Co-operation  Solidarity Clause (relates to the prevention of terrorist threats) Cold War WEU EU Amsterdam Treaty Implementation EU Lisbon Treaty Implementation  1948 - Brussels Treaty - WEU  1949 - Washington Treaty - NATO  1950 - European Defence Community  1954 - … rejected by FR National Assembly  1954 - modified Brussels Treaty (GE / IT)  1970 - European Policy Co-ordination  the 80‘s - ‘EUROGROUPS’ in NATO  1990 - Maastricht Treaty (long-term objective: Common European Defence)  1992 - Petersberg / Revitalisation of WEU  1996 - NATO Berlin / Brussels - ESDI  1997 - Amsterdam Treaty (High Representative / Petersberg Missions)  1998 - FR / UK Summit in St. Malo  1999 – CFSP/CSDP development under the EU / J. Solana takes office  2003 - Nice Treaty / enhanced role of PSC / integrating the WEU’s crisis management tasks into the EU  2004 - European Security Strategy Cold War Towards a Common European Security and Defence Culture

8.  1948 - Brussels Treaty - WEU  1949 - Washington Treaty - NATO  1950 - European Defence Community  1954 - … rejected by FR National Assembly  1954 - modified Brussels Treaty (GE / IT)  1970 - European Policy Co-ordination  the 80‘s - more discussions on European security  1990 - Maastricht Treaty (long-term objective: Common European Defence)  1992 - Petersberg / Revitalisation of WEU  1996 - NATO Berlin / Brussels - ESDI  1997 - Amsterdam Treaty (High Representative/Policy Unit / Petersberg Missions)  1998 - FR / UK Summit in St. Malo  1999 – CFSP/CSDP development under the EU / J. Solana takes office  2003 - Nice Treaty / enhanced role of PSC / integrating the WEU’s crisis management tasks into the EU  2004 - European Defence Agency  2009 - (December) Lisbon Treaty / provisions made include:  Permanent President of the European Council  HR of the Union for the CFSP supported by the EEAS (“EU Foreign Minister”)  Wider CSDP Mission Spectrum  Mutual Assistance Clause  Permanent Structured Co-operation  Solidarity Clause (relates to the prevention of terrorist threats) Cold War WEU EU Amsterdam Treaty Implementation EU Lisbon Treaty Implementation  1948 - Brussels Treaty - WEU  1949 - Washington Treaty - NATO  1950 - European Defence Community  1954 - … rejected by FR National Assembly  1954 - modified Brussels Treaty (GE / IT)  1970 - European Policy Co-ordination  the 80‘s - ‘EUROGROUPS’ in NATO  1990 - Maastricht Treaty (long-term objective: Common European Defence)  1992 - Petersberg / Revitalisation of WEU  1996 - NATO Berlin / Brussels - ESDI  1997 - Amsterdam Treaty (High Representative / Petersberg Missions)  1998 - FR / UK Summit in St. Malo  1999 – CFSP/CSDP development under the EU / J. Solana takes office  2003 - Nice Treaty / enhanced role of PSC / integrating the WEU’s crisis management tasks into the EU  2003 - European Security Strategy  2009 - (December) Lisbon Treaty / provisions made include:  Permanent President of the European Council  HR of the Union for the CFSP supported by the EEAS (“EU Foreign Minister”)  Wider CSDP Mission Spectrum  Mutual Assistance Clause  Permanent Structured Co-operation  Solidarity Clause (relates to the prevention of terrorist threats) Cold War Towards a Common European Security and Defence Culture

10. European External Action Service (EEAS) Lisbon Treaty Changes to Internal Structures in the field of CFSP/CSDP High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Vice-President of the European Commission (HR/VP) (Ashton) Secretary General /High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy (Solana) European Commission Commissioner for External Relations (Ferrero-Waldner) DG RELEX Country / Regional Thematic Crisis Room Commission Delegations DG E Country / Regional Thematic Crisis Management and Planning Directorate (CMPD) Policy Unit Country / Regional Thematic Situation Centre EUMS Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability (CPCC) Ops Centre …. Thematic desks covering inter alia human rights, gender, non- Proliferation issues, Relations with UN etc Administration The Unions delegations CMPD - Crisis Management and Planning Directorate CPCC - Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability EUMS – EU Military Staff SITCEN / CRISIS ROOM Geographical desks covering all countries in the world Hans-Bernhard Weisserth, ESDC

11. European External Action Service - EEAS - illustration of the structure -

15. ESDC - Objectives  enhance the European security culture within the CSDP  to promote a better understanding of CSDP as part of the CFSP among civilian and military personnel  to provide EU instances and Member States with knowledgeable people familiar with EU policies, institutions and procedures and able to work efficiently on all CSDP matters  help to promote professional relations and contacts among training participants

16. Current characteristics of a European security culture Petersberg Tasks protection of human rights and the promotion of law humanitarian agenda (most missions) civil-military co-operation comprehensive approach (Diplomacy, Development, Defence/Security)

17. CSDP High-Level SeminarHigh-Ranking Staff and Decision-Makers CSDP High-Level Course Senior Staff Level ESDC Training Concept ESDP Orientation Courses / Common CSDP Modules General (mid rank) Working Level ESDP Courses for Specialised Staff and Experts Specialist and Expert Level OC for National Audiences OC open to International Audiences OC-type course with focus on thematic, regional or horizontal issues Courses for i.a. PPI Staff, LEGAD, POLAD, SSR and others Alumni Seminar s ESDP Training delivered by Member States (for nationals only, open to participation of other nationals) Training material and IDL system support for all training levels, organised and co-ordinated through the ESDC IDL Support Joint Civil and military participation Training Audiences ESDC Training Activities

18. Current ESDC Training Activities Basic training activities CSDP High Level Course (annual course with 4 modules) CSDP Orientation Course (4-5 courses per year/~ one week) Specialised training activities CSDP Course for PPI staff (1 to 2 courses per year/2 days) CSDP and Africa (3 days) CSDP High Level Seminar (2 days) Common CSDP Module (one week/ “European Initiative inspired by Erasmus”) CSDP Train-the-trainer Seminar (2 days) EU Basic Course on Security Sector Reform (3 days) EU Core Course on Security Sector Reform (10 days) CSDP Mission Planning Procedures Course (3 days / two courses per year) Course on EU Capability Development (3 days) CMCO – Civil Military Co-ordination in CSDP Missions and Operations (10 days) International Law for EU Military Legal Advisor (annual course with 3 modules) Peace Building Course (Pilot Project September 2010) Course on Non-Proliferation for senior officials Civilian Crisis Management Course Advanced Course for Senior Political Advisors working in the wider context of CSDP Training of Trainers for EU SSR in Support of Training for the EU SSR Pool of Experts Comprehensive Approach to Gender in Missions and Operations New Projects CSDP Senior Mission Leader Course (2 weeks) European Armaments Co-operation Training (Awareness Course and Experts Course) Other ESDC activities Annual Networking Conference on Training in the field of CSDP Alumni Events (former course participants) Courses providing an overview on the CSDP in a wider CFSP context Regional focus Press, Public Information Security Sector Reform Mission Planning Capability Development Civ-Mil Co-ordination LEGAD POLAD Civilian Crisis Management Peace Building Non-proliferation Gender and Human Rights Leadership training European Armaments Co-operation

19. Executive Academic Board list of training actors involved in ESDC activities (spring 2012) Royal Higher Defence Institute BrusselsPost Conflict Ops Study Centre TorinoPT National Delegation in Brussels Egmont Institute Int. Relations BrusselsCASD RomeNational Defence Institute Lisbon Royal Military Academy BrusselsMinistry of Defence NicosiaNational Defence University Bucharest Diplomatic Institute SofiaMinistry of Foreign Affairs RigaNational Defence College Bucharest National Defence Academy SofiaMinistry of Foreign Affairs VilniusMinistry of Defence Ljubljana University of Defence BrnoLUX National Delegation in BrusselsCommand and Staff School Begunje G. Federal College Security Studies BerlinNational Defence University BudapestSK Armed Forces Academy Centre Internat. Peace Operations BerlinNational Defence College BredaNational Defence College Helsinki Baltic Defence College TartuNetherlands Defence Academy The HagueCrisis Management Centre Helsinki Ministry of Foreign Affairs TallinnNational Defence Academy ViennaNational Defence College Stockholm Hellenic Defence CollegeASPR Stadt SchlainingFolke Bernadotte Academy Sandö Diplomatic Academy AthensMinistry of Defence ViennaNational Defence Academy Shrivenham Ministry of Foreign Affairs AthensAIES ViennaForeign Commonwealth Office London CESEDEN MadridAustrian National Delegation BrusselsEU Institute for Security Studies Paris IHEDN ParisNational Defence University WarsawEuropean Police College Bramshill/UK FR National Delegation in BrusselsPolish Institute for Int. Affairs WarsawCollege of Home Affairs Bucharest Irish National Delegation in BrusselsAcademy of National Defence WarsawGeneva Centre for Security Policy/GCSP Civilian institutes/actorsDefence institutes/actors

20.  overall guidance and co-ordination  representatives of the Member States  convenes in Brussels Steering Committee  implements training  ensures quality and coherence of training  representatives of the network institutes Executive Academic Board (EAB)  runs the network  assists the Steering Committee and the EAB  supports conduct of training activities  supports conceptual work Permanent Secretariat (currently within EEAS/CMPD) Three-tier Structure established for the functioning of the ESDC as a network college

21. ESDC Network Institutes And ESDC Secretariat Co-operation between the Executive Academic Board and the EU Crisis Management Structures EAB Yearly Basic Evaluation (autumn) EAB Curricula Review and Revision (early spring) EAB Programming next Academic Year (before summer break) Conduct of Training And Evaluation (permanent) EU Crisis Management Structures New policies and concepts Lessons learnt from missions and operations

22.  overall guidance and co-ordination  representatives of the Member States  convenes in Brussels Steering Committee  implements training  ensures quality and coherence of training  representatives of the network institutes Executive Academic Board (EAB)  runs the network  assists the Steering Committee and the EAB  supports conduct of training activities  supports conceptual work Permanent Secretariat (currently within EEAS/CMPD) Project-orientated configurations of the Board Implementation Group « Erasmus Militaire » Security Sector Report (EU Pool of SSR Experts) Internet-Based Distance Learning (IDL) System Three-tier Structure established for the functioning of the ESDC as a network college

23. EAB / Implementation Group “Erasmus Militaire” In order to support the European Initiative for the Exchange of Young Officers inspired by Erasmus, the Implementation Group (IG) has been established as a specific configuration of the Executive Academic Board  implements training  ensures quality and coherence of training  representatives of the network institutes Executive Academic Board (EAB) Project-orientated configurations of the Board Implementation Group « Erasmus Militaire » Security Sector Report (EU Pool of SSR Experts) Internet-Based Distance Learning (IDL) System Measures at European and national level to enhance the exchanges during the basic training of young European officers, i.a. information on exchange opportunities, stocktaking report, compendium and newsletter – future: development of an IT platform common modules on CSDP and international issues recognition of training done at institutes of other Member States

24. ESDC Secretariat - working relations  runs the network  assists the Steering Committee and the EAB  Supports conceptual work  supports Brussels-based training activities Permanent Secretariat (closely linked up with EEAS/CMPD) Head Hans-Bernhard Weisserth (EEAS/CMPD) Secretary From EEAS Training Managers Seconded National Police Expert Seconded National Military Expert Seconded National Civilian Expert IDL Course and Content Manager Seconded National Expert National Network Institutes Points of contact Chairpersons EAB Course Directors Faculty members Other support Relevant EU Institutions and Agencies EEAS/CMPD (including offices) Other Services within the EEAS Services within the EP and Commission EU Institute for Security Studies in Paris European Defence Agency EU Satellite Centre … closely linked with and / or can rely on ….. External Training Actors GCSP Geneva DCAF Geneva NDC Rome internat. organisations third states institutes

25. Current Obstacles still existing national strategic cultures and national defence strategies of soon more than 27 Member States conflicting interests (e.g. Lybia case) often lack of political will lack of confidence decision making at 27 still diverging view as regards further defence integration and a future European Common Defence (TEU)

26. What to do? stronger commitment to invest in capabilities (civilian and military) political will to assume more responsibility in the field of security more and closer co-operation and integration in defence field with different speed

27. Forum Reichenau 2012 Towards a Common European Security and Defence Culture HANS-BERNHARD WEISSERTH Head of the ESDC

28. Cold War NATO Strategy to defend Europe Collective Defence