1. Grid Computing and Scaling Up the Internet Ian Foster Argonne National Laboratory University of Chicago Globus Project Brian E Carpenter IBM and 6NET IPv6 Forum, San Diego, June 27, 2003

2. 2 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Why Grids and IPv6? Grid computing represents a fundamental shift in how we approach distributed computing, like the fundamental shift in information access introduced by the Web IPv6 represents a major step function in the Internet’s ability to scale, like the introduction of IPv4 twenty years ago Inevitably there is synergy between these two game changers Let’s share a common goal of reaching 10 billion Internet nodes

3. 3 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Topics Brief introduction to Grid computing Why Grids and IPv6 need each other Practical aspects of enabling GT3 for IPv6 Future directions and summary

4. 4 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO The Grid Is … a)A collaboration & resource sharing infrastructure with origins in the sciences b)A distributed service integration and management technology c)A disruptive technology that enables a virtualized, collaborative, distributed world d)An open source technology & community e)A marketing slogan f)All of the above

5. 5 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO The (Power) Grid: On-Demand Access to Electricity Time Quality, economies of scale

6. 6 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO By Analogy, A Computing Grid Decouple production and consumption –Enable on-demand access –Achieve economies of scale –Enhance consumer flexibility –Enable new devices On a variety of scales –Department –Campus –Enterprise –Internet

7. 7 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Not Exactly a New Idea … “The time-sharing computer system can unite a group of investigators …. one can conceive of such a facility as an … intellectual public utility.” –Fernando Corbato and Robert Fano, 1966 “We will perhaps see the spread of ‘computer utilities’, which, like present electric and telephone utilities, will service individual homes and offices across the country.” –Len Kleinrock, 1967

8. 8 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO But Things are Different Now …

9. 9 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO But Wait A Minute—Computing isn’t Really Like Electricity! I import electricity but must export data “Computing” is not interchangeable but highly heterogeneous –Computers, data, sensors, services, … So the story is more complicated But more significantly, the sum can be greater than the parts –Real opportunity: Construct new capabilities dynamically from distributed services – Virtualization & distributed service mgmt

10. 10 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Virtualization & Distributed Service Management Less capable, integrated Less connected User service locus Larger, more integrated More connected Dynamically provisioned Device Continuum Resource & service aggregation Delivery of virtualized services with QoS guarantees Dynamic, secure service discovery & composition Distributed service management

11. 11 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Why the Grid? Origins: Revolution in Science Pre-Internet –Theorize &/or experiment, alone or in small teams; publish paper Post-Internet –Construct and mine large databases of observational or simulation data –Develop simulations & analyses –Access specialized devices remotely –Exchange information within distributed multidisciplinary teams

12. 12 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Tier0/1 facility Tier2 facility 10 Gbps link 2.5 Gbps link 622 Mbps link Other link Tier3 facility Example Science Grids Cambridge Newcastle Edinburgh Oxford Glasgow Manchester Cardiff Soton London Belfast DL RAL Hinxton

13. 13 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO The Grid/eScience World: Status Dozens of major Grid projects in scientific & technical computing/research & education –Deployment, application, technology –www.mcs.anl.gov/~foster/grid-projects Globus Toolkit™ broadly adopted as de facto standard for major protocols & services Global Grid Forum a significant force for community building and standardization –GGF9: Seattle, June 2003, 800 people –www.ggf.org; 200+ organizations; Boeing, Merck, Ford, J&J, IBM, Platform, …

14. 14 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Why the Grid? (2) Revolution in Business Pre-Internet –Central data processing facility Post-Internet –Enterprise computing is highly distributed, heterogeneous, loosely coupled, inter-enterprise (B2B) –Business processes increasingly computing- & data-rich –Outsourcing becomes feasible => on-demand service providers of various sorts

15. 15 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Common eScience/eBusiness Vision Link dynamically acquired resources –From collaborators, customers, eUtilities, … (members of evolving “virtual organization”) Into a “virtual computing system” –Dynamic, multi-faceted system spanning institutions and industries –Loose coupling of heterogeneous systems –Configured on demand to meet instantaneous needs, for: Multi-faceted QoS for demanding workloads –Security, performance, reliability, …

16. 16 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Increased functionality, standardization Custom solutions 1990199520002005 Open Grid Services Arch Real standards Multiple implementations Web services, etc. Managed shared virtual systems Computer science research Globus Toolkit Defacto standard Single implementation Internet standards The Emergence of Open Grid Standards 2010

17. 17 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Open Grid Services Architecture Service-oriented architecture –Key to virtualization, discovery, composition, local-remote transparency Leverage industry standards –Internet, Web services Distributed service management –A “component model for Web services” A framework for the definition of composable, interoperable services “The Physiology of the Grid: An Open Grid Services Architecture for Distributed Systems Integration”, Foster, Kesselman, Nick, Tuecke, 2002

18. 18 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Open Grid Services Infrastructure Implementation Service data element Other standard interfaces: factory, notification, collections Hosting environment/runtime (“C”, J2EE,.NET, …) Service data element Service data element GridService (required) Data access Lifetime management Explicit destruction Soft-state lifetime Introspection: What port types? What policy? What state? Client Grid Service Handle Grid Service Reference handle resolution

19. 19 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Open Grid Services Infrastructure Implementation Service data element Other standard interfaces: factory, notification, collections Hosting environment/runtime (“C”, J2EE,.NET, …) Service data element Service data element GridService (required) Data access Lifetime management Explicit destruction Soft-state lifetime Introspection: What port types? What policy? What state? Client Grid Service Handle Grid Service Reference handle resolution GWD-R (draft-ggf-ogsi- gridservice-29) Editors: Open Grid Services Infrastructure (OGSI) S. Tuecke, ANL http://www.ggf.org/ogsi-wg K. Czajkowski, USC/ISI I. Foster, ANL J. Frey, IBM S. Graham, IBM C. Kesselman, USC/ISI T. McGuire, IBM T. Sandholm, ANL D. Snelling, Fujitsu Labs P. Vanderbilt, NASA April 5, 2003 Open Grid Services Infrastructure (OGSI) Version 1.0

20. Service registry Service requestor (e.g. user application) Service factory Create Service Grid Service Handle Resource allocation Service instances Regist er Service Service discovery Interactions standardized using WSDL and SOAP Service data Keep-alives Notifications Service invocation Authentication & Authorization are applied to all requests OGSA Interactions

21. 21 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Open Grid Services Architecture Open Grid Services Infrastructure OGSA services: registry, authorization, monitoring, data access, management, etc., etc. Transport Protocol Hosting Environment Host. Env. & Protocol Bindings OGSA schemas More specialized & domain-specific services Other schemas Web Services GWD-R (draft-ggf-ogsa-platform-3) Editors: Open Grid Services Architecture Platform I. Foster, Argonne & U.Chicago http://www.ggf.org/ogsa-wg D. Gannon, Indiana U. l Data access and integration l Security l Agreement and SLA negotiation l Manageability l …

22. 22 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Globus Toolkit v3 (GT3) Open Source OGSA Technology Implements OGSI interfaces Supports primary GT2 interfaces –High degree of backward compatibility Multiple platforms & hosting environments –J2EE, Java, C,.NET, Python New services –SLA negotiation, service registry, community authorization, data management, … Rapidly growing adoption and contributions: “Linux for the Grid”

23. 23 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Topics General Introduction Brief introduction to Grid computing Why Grids and IPv6 need each other Practical aspects of enabling GT3 for IPv6 Future directions and summary

24. 24 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Intra-Grids Extra-Grids Inter-Grids Grid NAS/SAN Grid NAS/SAN VPN Cactus NTG (SF) Express Project MFG Fin. Services A function of business need, technology and organizational flexibility Grid Deployment Options

25. 25 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Physical Organisation Virtual Organisation Virtual Organization View of Deployment

26. 26 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Global Knowledge Communities

27. 27 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Virtual Organizations Look Like Dynamic Mergers & Acquisitions The effect of a Grid VO on networks is like a temporary partial merger of the organizations Merging two networks is painful today –“Private” IPv4 address space becomes ambiguous –Worst case: forced to renumber both networks Temporary partial mergers of an arbitrary number of IPv4 networks is unthinkable IPv4-based Grids are forced to rely on HTTP proxying between organizations: inefficient, and cannot exploit network-level security

28. 28 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Overlapping Virtual Organizations Any system can be in any number of VOs with any number of other systems –Needs uniform address space to avoid proxies & allow IPSEC –Addressing ambiguities unacceptable –Security boundaries ≠ organization boundaries –Not achievable at massive scale with IPv4 VO

29. 29 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Critical Advantages of IPv6 for OGSA Potential for massive scaling Uniform global address space eliminates the problem of ambiguous “private” addresses and network address translation –Wasteful proxies can be avoided –Network level security can be used Autoconfiguration is a big plus for infrastructure configuration

30. 30 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO There’s No Such Thing as an IPv6 Killer App, But... It would be nice to find the killer app that only works on IPv6 OGSA won’t be that, but there is a good chance that it will be the first major middleware suite to be IPv6-capable out of the box almost from Day One The IPv6 community should make the most of it

31. 31 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Topics Brief introduction to Grid computing Why Grids and IPv6 need each other Practical aspects of enabling GT3 for IPv6 Future directions and summary

32. 32 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Testing, Testing 6NET is a three-year EU-funded project to demonstrate that continued growth of the Internet can be met using IPv6. Includes a work package for IPv6 Middleware and User Application Trials (led by IBM) Globus is the subject of a trial (lead site UCL) –Target is Globus Toolkit 3, i.e. OGSA –GT3 (OGSA) alpha code is now available and being tested on IPv6/Linux at UCL –Credits: Sheng Jiang, Piers O’Hanlon, Peter Kirstein

33. 33 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Status (Evolving Daily) Background: GT3 runs mainly over Java; Java2 Development Kit 1.4 supports IPv6, although GT3 alpha ships with JDK 1.3 In principle, all GT3 Java components will “just work” with IPv6 via switch to JDK 1.4 –In practice, it is not so simple –Jim Bound of HP is also looking into this UCL has begun testing with JDK 1.4. –GT3 Master Host Environment listens on both IPv6 and IPv4. Simple test from IPv6 completes, but some IPv4 packets are observed Exact environment is GT3 alpha code with Java SDK 1.4.1. on Redhat Linux 7.3 and 8.0

34. 34 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Status (update May 6th) Tested the postgresql IPv6 patch; found one bug there: after removing IPv6 items from the configuration file, the IPv6 address was still enabled Working to deploy GT3 core on Apache Tomcat Java servlet container (IPv6 enabled) Waiting for IBM Websphere to do the same. Starting to port the OGSA stand-alone web container to be IPv6-enabled –Sheng Jiang

35. 35 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO GridFTP (evolving daily) GridFTP (striped FTP) as shipped with GT3 alpha is C code that does not support IPv6 sockets. Globus is developing a new generic I/O module called XIO that does support IPv6 sockets GridFTP is being rewritten, still in C, to exploit XIO Any other components of GT3 that remain in C can also support IPv6 via XIO

36. 36 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Further Plans (Evolving Daily) Plan is to make more extensive tests with about 10 nodes –Issues with IPv6 will be reported into the Globus bug-tracking system –Good relations established between 6NET and Globus teams Also need to consider what is required to operate GT3 in the cases of –IPv6 only –IPv6 and IPv4 coexistence Final goal is a realistic systematic trial between 6NET sites

37. 37 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Topics General Introduction Brief introduction to Grid computing Why Grids and IPv6 need each other Practical aspects of enabling GT3 for IPv6 Future directions and summary

38. 38 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Grid Past, Present, Future Past –Origins and broad adoption in eScience, fueled by open source Globus Toolkit Present –Rapidly growing commercial adoption –Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) Future –Key enabler of new applications & industries based on resource virtualization and distributed service integration

39. 39 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Future Directions GT3 will become fully functional for IPv6 Global Grid Forum must chase down any IPv4 dependencies in its standards Grid computing will become a key enabler of new applications based on resource virtualization and loosely coupled distributed service integration IPv6 will enable Grid Virtual Organizations to span existing network boundaries smoothly and securely

40. 40 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Summary Grid computing is the new model for sharing networked IT resources efficiently & securely. –Transforming the Internet into a computing platform for e-business on demand The key toolkit is the Globus Toolkit open source package based on the Open Grid Services Architecture A marriage between OGSA and IPv6 is the key to massive scaling in a fully connected but secure network environment.

41. 41 foster@mcs.anl.gov ARGONNE  CHICAGO Pointers www.globus.org www.ggf.org www.ipv6forum.org www.6net.org brian@hursley.ibm.com foster@mcs.anl.gov