2. TACSS Workshop Korea’s Experience on Nuclear Technology Transfer, Its Indigenous Development and Future Planning 19 September 2006 Poong Eil Juhn, Ph.D. Senior Visiting Fellow Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute

3. I. Introduction II. Korea’s Experience on Nuclear Power Technology Development III. The Benefit of Nuclear Power Experienced in Korea IV. International Co-operation Contents

4. I. Introduction - History of Nuclear Utilization - Importance of “Atoms for Peace” Speech - History of International Nuclear Technology Transfer for Peaceful Uses

5. The 1 st Controlled Chain Reaction The 1 st Controlled Chain Reaction was achieved at the Univ. of Chicago, in a Graphite Pile, CP-1 under the Football Field, by Dr. E. Fermi and his team, on 2 Dec. 1942, as part of the 2 nd World War-time Manhattan Project of the USA.

6. The 1 st Atomic Bomb Test US President Roosevelt made the decision to build an atomic bomb on 9 October, 1941, two months before Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, based on recommendations of the US scientists including Dr. Einstein who warned against the dangers of an atomic bomb to be made by Nazi- controlled Germany sooner or later. The 1 st atomic bomb test, called Trinity was successfully conducted under the New Mexico desert on 16 July 1945.

7. The 1st and 2nd Atomic Bombs US President Harry S. Truman made a decision to use the atomic bombs against Japan. The 1 st atomic bomb, called Little Boy, which was uranium bomb, was dropped to Hiroshima, Japan on 6 August, 1945. The 2 nd atomic bomb, called Fat Man, which was plutonium bomb, was dropped to Nagasaki, Japan on 9 August, 1945. As a result, the 2 nd World War was over and Korea got an independence.

8. Spread of Atomic Bombs The former USSR tested its first atomic bomb in 1948, when the cold war had reached the peak of its intensity. The UK tested its first atomic bomb in 1952. France tested in 1960. China tested in 1964. Those 5 countries – USA, RF (former USSR), UK, France and China, which had possessed atomic bombs, before NPT( Non Proliferation Treaty) took in force in 1970, named as Weapon Countries.

9. “Atoms for Peace” Speech Promoted Nuclear Technology Transfer “Atoms for Peace” speech at the UN General Assembly, which was delivered by the US President, Dwight Eisenhower on 8 December, 1953 proposed to set up an international agency to develop peaceful uses of nuclear energy. This speech marks the beginning of peaceful uses of nuclear energy in the world through technology transfer on nuclear energy.

10. Establishment of the International Atomic Energy Agency As a result of the US President. Dwight Eisenhower’s famous speech, “Atoms for Peace”, the IAEA was established in Vienna, Austria on 29 July 1957. The IAEA has performed two functions – nuclear watch dog and nuclear technology transfer for peaceful purposes.

11. History of International Nuclear Technology Transfer International nuclear technology transfer began when the 1st “Atoms for Peace Conference” was held in August 1955 in Geneva, Swiss. In the Conference, about 1500 participants attended and more than 1000 papers were presented, abolishing the secrecy that until then had shrouded many years of nuclear R&D. In 1950’s only six countries – the US, the UK, France, USSR, Canada and Sweden – took part in building their 1st NPP. All other countries were in due course to turn to one or another of these six pioneers for assistance with their 1st power reactors and subsequent NPP construction programs.

12. II. Korea’s Experience on Nuclear Power Technology Development - Technology Transfer from Overseas - Indigenous Technology Development - Future Plan

13. Korea’s National Nuclear Energy Policy  Basic Principle –Promoting Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy –Securing Nuclear Safety  Goals –To provide a stable electricity supply through the development of nuclear energy –To achieve self-reliance on nuclear technology –To make the nuclear industry one of the major export industries through international cooperation

14. Korea’s Nuclear Related Organizations KAERI Public News Media, NGOs, Local Society Academia Universities Other Research Institutes Nuclear Industries Utility : KHNP Nuclear Vendors : KOPEC, KNFC, DOOSAN KHNP: Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Company KOPEC: Korea Power Engineering Company KNFC: Korea Nuclear Fuel Company DOOSAN: DOOSAN Heavy Industries & Construction Company MOST( Ministry of Science & Technology) Ministry of Commerce, Industry & Energy Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade Ministry of Planning & Budget KNS: Korean Nuclear Society KAIF: Korea Atomic Industrial Forum KNEF: Korea Nuclear Energy Foundation Safety & Regulation KINS National R&D program Prime Minister Atomic Energy Commission Nuclear Safety Commission President Scientific Technology Commission

15. 1990s 1970s Construction of Kori #1(’71-’78) 1980s Establish Localization Plan(’84) 1960s Development of Nuclear Power Technology in Korea Transfer of Nuclear Technology From Overseas Indigenous Technology Development Joining IAEA (’57) Research Reactor(’62) KSNP Development(’95) Korea : 6 th largest nuclear power country in the world 20 NPPs in operation (17,716 MW) 20 NPPs in operation (17,716 MW)

16. Nuclear Power Plants in Korea Ulchin (#1,2,3,4,5,6) Kori (#1,2,3,4) Shin-Kori (#1,2) (#3,4) Yonggwang (#1,2,3,4,5,6) Wolsong (#1,2,3,4) Shin-Wolsong (#1,2)  Seoul SiteOperationConstructio n ContractTotal Kori4(3,137)2(2,000)2(2,800)8(7,937) Wolsung4(2,779)2(2,000)6(4,779) Yonggwang6(5,900)-- Ulchin6(5,900)-- Total20(17,716)4(4,000)2(2,800)26(24,516) Units (Generating Capacity, MWe) September, 2006

17. Current Status of NPP in Korea

18. Site View of 4 Kori PWR NPPs

19. Site View of 4 Wolsong CANDU NPPs

20. Site View of 6 Yonggwang PWR NPPs

21. Site View of Ulchin NPPs (UCN #1,2,3,4,5,6)

22. Evolution of Korean Nuclear Power Program Kori 1 Kori 2 Kori 3 Wolsong 1 Kori 4 Yonggwang 1 Yonggwang 2 Ulchin 1 Ulchin 2 Yonggwang 3 Yonggwang 4 Wolsong 2 Ulchin 3 Ulchin 4 Wolsong 3 Wolsong 4 Yonggwang 5 Yonggwang 6 Ulchin 5 Ulchin 6 KNU 21(KSNP) KNU 22 (KSNP) KNU 23 (KSNP) KNU 24 (KSNP) KNU 25 (KNGR-1) KNU 26(KNGR-2) KNU 27(KNGR-3) KNU 28(KNGR-4) 5 10 15 20 25 PWR PHWR APR-1400 Under Construction In Operation PWR/PHWR 600 MWe x 3 PWR 900 MWe x 6 PHWR 600 MWe x 2 ‘72 ‘ 74 ‘76 ‘78 ‘80 ‘82 ‘84 ‘86 ‘88 ‘90 ‘92 ‘94 ‘96 ‘98 ‘00 ‘02 ‘04 ‘06 ‘08 ‘10 ‘12 ‘14 KNU 30(KNGR-6) KNU 29(KNGR-5) Phase I Turn-Key Base (3 Units) Phase II Component Base (6 Units) Phase III Technology Self-reliance (Standardization) Planned Nuclear Generating Installed Capacity(Gwe)

23. Key Factors for Indigenous Nuclear Power Technology Development Key Factors for Success were: –Government’s strong commitment for indigenous nuclear power technology development –“Technology Transfer Contract” was made separately with foreign prime contractor, when the 1 st KSNP projects, namely Yonggwang units 3&4 were implemented. –NPP Joint-Design was performed, as the vehicles for achievement of self-reliance in nuclear power technology. –Clear definition of scope of works and division of responsibilities were given among the participating organizations, as being shown in the next slide.

24. Division for Indigenous Nuclear Power Technology Development KEPCO**** Plant design (A/E) Development of A/E design technology KOPEC NSSS design* Fuel design** R&D KAERI HANJUNG*** KNFC Universitie s DOR of Korean nuclear industry Development of key technology Fuel manufacturing Development of fuel manufacturing technology Government KINS * Currently, NSSS design by KOPEC ** Currently, fuel design by KNFC **** Currently, KHNP Research & tests of key technologies Licensing support for the government Project management Operation Component Design & Manufacturing Development of Manufacturing Technology *** HANJUNG (Korea Heavy Industries & Construction) changed its name to Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction as of March 2001. Division of Responsibility (up to Dec. 1996)

25. Experience Feedback. Technology Transfer OPR- 1000+ or KSNP+ T/GPerry#2(GE,1000MW) PLANT DESIGN Yonggwang#1&2, Byron & Braidwood (KOPEC/S&L,1000MW) NSSS Palo Verde (CE,1300MW) APR1400 Design Improvement  In Pre-contract Stage - Shin Kori # 3&4  In Pre-contract stage - New Projects # 1&2 Latest Codes & Std. Evolution of Indigenous Nuclear Power Technology Development EPRI URD  In Operation - Yonggwang # 3,4,5&6 - Ulchin # 3,4,5&6 Enhance Safety. Experience Feedback OPR- 1000 (KSNP)  Under Construction - Shin Kori # 1&2 - Shin Wolsong # 1&2 Power Up-rate. Advanced Design Features. Enhance Safety

26. Sep.2006 Construction of Indigenous Nuclear Power Plants in Korea  2010  2006  2000  1995  1990  2015 Ulchin 3&4 1998 / 1999 2002 Yonggwang 3&4 1995 / 1996 KSNP x 8 Yonggwang 5&6 Ulchin 5&6 Shin-Kori 3&4 2004 / 2005 Shin-Kori 1& 2 2009 / 2010 KSNP+ x 4 2011 / 2012 APR 1400 x 4 APR 1400 3rd & 4th 2014 / 2015 APR 1400 Nth APR 1400 Development Shin-Wolsong 1& 2 2010 / 2011

27. Future Electric Power Generation Plan in Korea 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 200320052010 2015 Capacity 56,048MW 61,298MW 74,671MW 78,675MW 17,716 (29%) 23,116 (31%) 29,437 (37%) (31%) (3%) (21%) (8%) (7%) Nuclear CoalOil GasHydro X 1,000 MW (26%) (7%) 15,716 (28%) (8%)

28. OPR - 1000 ( or KSNP) –2 Loop Design –Power Level : 1,050MWe / 2,825MWt –Plant Design Life : 40 years –Advanced Design Features Human Factors Engineering Design against Severe Accidents Leak Before Break (LBB) Concept Increased Operability and Maintainability Lower Occupational Radiation Exposure

29. Advanced Power Reactor-1400 (APR-1400) –2 Loop Design –Power Level : 1,400MWe / 4,000MWt –Reactor Type : PWR –Plant Life Time : 60 years –Advanced Design Features Fully Digitalized Man-Machine Interface System Direct Vessel Injection Fluidic Device in Safety Injection Tank 4 Train Safety Injection System

30. III. The Benefit of Nuclear Power Experienced in Korea - Economic Benefits - Environmental Aspects

31. Electricity Generation by Nuclear Power vs GNP per Capita in Korea 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 (YEAR) (BWH) (US$) Electricity Generation (Nuclear) GNP per Capita

32. 112,000 GWh of Electricity Produced by Nuclear Power in 2001 Equivalent Fuel Cost, if NPP Were not Available in 2001 Foreign Currency Savings by Nuclear Power Nuclear Coal Actual Payment for Nuclear Fuel in 2001 : 400 M$ 1,200 M$ LNG 8,000 M$

33. 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1971197619811986199119962001 97.3% 50.8% 83.2% Contribution by Nuclear Savings on Energy Imports by Nuclear Power (33,700 M$ in 2001) Money should have been paid, if nuclear power projects were not implemented in Korea Actual payment for energy imports 14.1%

34. Reduction of CO 2 Emission by Nuclear Power 50 100 150 200 1971197619811986199119962001 Potential CO 2 emission, if no nuclear power were implemented in Korea Actual CO 2 Emission Reduction of of CO 2 Emission (89 Million Ton) Million Tons of CO 2 6.5 Million Ton In 1971 130 Million Ton In 2001

35. Bilateral Agreements : with 19 countries –Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Czech, Egypt, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, Spain, Vietnam, Ukraine, U.K., USA & Turkey –Under negotiation with some other countries Participation in International Co-operation Projects for Innovative Nuclear Power Technology Development GIF(2001) INPRO (2001) IV. International Co-operation

36. Conclusive Remarks Nuclear power is essential for electricity supply not only in Korea but also in many parts of the world. In light of Korean experience, the international cooperation is very important for nuclear technology development for peaceful uses. Korea is willing to share its experience on indigenous nuclear technology development with other developing countries, in particular, with Turkey.