1. The Spanish and Native Americans Chapter 2, Section 3
Bell Ringer:
Look at the map on page 72. Describe the area included in the Viceroyalty of New Spain and the Viceroyalty of Peru?
How do you suppose dividing Spain’s vast empire into two units may have made it easier to govern?

2. Spanish Colonies in the Americas
As we have learned, the Spanish empire grew rapidly
They controlled much of the Americas by 1700
Spain divided its American empire into two provinces
Viceroyalty (key term!), ruled by a viceroy
New Spain
Peru
How did roads help the Spanish?
Transported people and goods across the empire
Helped Spanish control the colonies
Soldiers could move quickly from place to place
Improved the economy
Materials, like gold and silver, could be transported efficiently to the coast, and then on to Spain

3. Life in Spanish America
Spain wanted the colonies to be productive
Encomienda
Grant of Native American labor
Cortés received a grant of more than 100,000 Native Americans to work his estate
Haciendas
Large farms, grew cash crops

4. Colonial Society 1. Spanish-born colonists 2. Creoles 3. Mestizos
Top layer of society, had the most power
Example – Hernando Cortés
2. Creoles
People of Spanish descent who were born in the colonies (in New Spain or Peru)
3. Mestizos
People of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry
4. Native Americans and enslaved Africans
Had the least power and fewest rights

5. Spain’s American Empire, 1700
Look at the map on page 72 in your textbook.
Which viceroyalty included the West Indies?
New Spain
Which viceroyalty covered more territory?
Peru
Observe the large distance between the cities of Mexico City and Lima.
What kinds of problems might the distance cause for administrators in each city?
They could not keep in touch with distant areas or send supplies/troops quickly

6. The Role of the Church An important part of Spanish society Missions
Settlements that included a church, a town, and farmlands
Goal was to convert Native Americans to Christianity
Also increased Spanish control over the land

7. Benefits of the Missionaries to Native Americans
Helped the Native Americans to create a better supply of food
Offered Native Americans protection against enemies
Many Native Americans learned to read and write
Others developed skills such as carpentry and metalworking

8. Downsides of Missionaries
Native Americans were often treated as slaves – made to do work
They tried to replace Native American religions and traditions
Native Americans ran away, rebelled
Popé – led the Pueblo Indians in a rebellion against the Spanish at Santa Fe

9. Spanish Missions in the US
Nombre de Dios
Built in 1565 in St. Augustine, FL
San Antonio de Valero
In San Antonio, Texas
Better known by what name?
California
From , there were 21 missions established
Stretched from San Diego to San Francisco (Sonoma Mission)

10. Sugar Plantations Develop
Large farms that raised cash crops, like sugar
Crops then sent (exported) to Europe
Columbus brought sugar cane to Hispaniola
Ideal growing environment
Required many workers
Taino people were forced to work
The plantations did well, but the Taino did not

11. History through Art Look at the painting on page 73 in your textbook.
How does the picture help explain why the Europeans used slaves to make sugar?
It shows many people doing hard work to make sugar.
More about Sugar -
Today, sugar remains an important product in many former Spanish colonies in the Americas. The economies of some countries in those regions, such as Cuba, are heavily dependent on the success of each year’s sugar cane crop.
Do you know - what local company was very invested in the sugar industry in Cuba?

12. The Abuse of Native Americans
Native Americans treated poorly
Bartolomé de Las Casas
Catholic priest
Arrived in Hispaniola in 1502
Participated in the conquest of Cuba in 1512
For his effort, he was given an encomienda
Moral dilemma – why?
How can a person serve God and enslave Native Americans at the same time?

13. Las Casas and the New Laws
Fought for better treatment of Native Americans
Freed his Native Americans in 1514
“Protector of the Indians”
Efforts of Las Casas contributed to the New Laws
Spanish king issued the New Laws in 1542
Ordered the gradual freeing of all enslaved Native Americans
Who protested?
Spanish colonists
What happened?
King eventually reversed many of them

14. The Columbian Exchange
Movement of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western hemispheres

15. The Columbian Exchange
Negative Effects?
Transfer of germs from Europe to the Americas
Smallpox, measles, and influenza
Native Americans had no immunity
Population of Native Americans in Central America decreased by % in span of 100 years ( )
What might have happened if Native Americans had been immune to European diseases?
Positive Effects?
Brought the world closer; people moved and spread cultures
European livestock and crops to the Americas
American crops aided the European diet
Potatoes and corn
What positive effect did these two crops have on the Europeans?

16. Key Terms
Viceroyalty – a province ruled by a viceroy, who ruled in the king’s name
Encomienda – a grant of Native American labor
Hacienda – a large farm or estate
Mission – a settlement created by the Church in order to convert Native Americans to Christianity
Popé – led the Pueblo Indians in a rebellion against the Spanish in present-day New Mexico
Plantation – a large farm that raises cash crops
Bartolomé de Las Casas – fought for better treatment of Native Americans
Columbian Exchange – the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Western and the Eastern hemispheres