1. 2.1 Classifying Matter Each piece of your clothing has a label that recommends cleaning methods. A 100%-cotton shirt may need to be ironed after washing. A cotton and polyester blend fabric may come out of the dryer wrinkle free. There is no cleaning process that works for all materials.

2. 2.1 Classifying Matter Why are elements and compounds classified as pure substances? Pure Substances

3. 2.1 Classifying Matter A pure substance is matter that always has exactly the same composition. Table salt and table sugar are two examples of pure substances. Substances can be classified into two categories—elements and compounds. Pure Substances

4. 2.1 Classifying Matter Every sample of a given substance has the same properties because a substance has a fixed, uniform composition. Pure Substances

5. 2.1 Classifying Matter How do mixtures differ from pure substances? An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Elements An element has a fixed composition because it contains only one type of atom. No two elements contain the same type of atom.

6. 2.1 Classifying Matter Examples of Elements Some elements are solids at room temperature. Most soft drink cans are made from aluminum. Carbon is the main element in the marks you make with a pencil. The elements oxygen and nitrogen are the main gases in the air you breathe. Two elements are liquids at room temperature–bromine and mercury. Elements

7. 2.1 Classifying Matter Symbols for Elements Chemists use symbols of one or two letters to represent elements. The first letter is always capitalized. If there is a second letter, it is not capitalized. C represents carbon. Al represents aluminum. Au represents gold. (The Latin name for gold is aurum.) Elements

8. 2.1 Classifying Matter Symbols for Elements Symbols allow scientists who speak different languages to communicate without confusion. For example, nitrogen is azote in France, stickstoff in Germany, and nitrógeno in Mexico. But all scientists use N as the symbol for the element nitrogen. Elements

9. 2.1 Classifying Matter Aluminum, carbon, and gold are elements that you can see in common objects, such as cans, pencils, and rings. Mixtures containing iodine are used to prevent and treat infections. Elements AluminumCarbonGoldIodine

10. 2.1 Classifying Matter How do mixtures differ from pure substances? Compounds

11. 2.1 Classifying Matter A compound always contains two or more elements joined in a fixed proportion. Compounds A compound is a substance that is made from two or more simpler substances and can be broken down into those simpler substances.

12. 2.1 Classifying Matter The properties of a compound differ from those of the substances from which it is made. Water is composed of the elements hydrogen and oxygen. Oxygen and hydrogen are gases at room temperature, but water is a liquid. Hydrogen can fuel a fire, and oxygen can keep a fire burning, but water does not burn or help other substances to burn. Compounds

13. 2.1 Classifying Matter Silicon dioxide is a compound found in most light- colored grains of sand and in crystals of quartz. It is a colorless, transparent solid. Yet, silicon dioxide is made from a colorless gas (oxygen) and a gray solid (silicon). In silicon dioxide, there are always two oxygen atoms for each silicon atom. Compounds Silicon Oxygen Silicon dioxide

14. 2.1 Classifying Matter How do mixtures differ from pure substances? Mixtures

15. 2.1 Classifying Matter If you make salsa, a recipe can guide you. You can use exactly the amounts in the recipe, or you can adjust the ingredients to your own taste. Salsa is a mixture. Each batch may be slightly different. Mixtures

16. 2.1 Classifying Matter The properties of a mixture can vary because the composition of a mixture is not fixed. Mixtures can retain some of the properties of their individual substances. The properties of a mixture are less constant than the properties of a substance. Mixtures

17. 2.1 Classifying Matter Mixtures can be classified by how well the parts of the mixture are distributed throughout the mixture. Heterogeneous Mixtures In a heterogeneous mixture, the parts of the mixture are noticeably different from one another. Homogeneous Mixtures In a homogeneous mixture, the substances are so evenly distributed that it is difficult to distinguish one substance in the mixture from another. Mixtures

18. 2.1 Classifying Matter The sand is a heterogeneous mixture of different kinds of grains. The spoon is stainless steel, a homogeneous mixture of iron, chromium, and nickel. Mixtures

19. 2.1 Classifying Matter Do the Contents of Two Cans of Mixed Nuts Meet FDA Regulations? According to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations, a can labeled mixed nuts must contain at least four types of shelled nuts other than peanuts. The mass of each type of nut must be not less than 2 percent of the total mass and not more than 80 percent of the total mass. Mixtures

20. 2.1 Classifying Matter 1. Comparing and Contrasting How are the two brands of mixed nuts alike? How are they different? Answer: Mixtures

21. 2.1 Classifying Matter 1. Comparing and Contrasting How are the two brands of mixed nuts alike? How are they different? Answer: Both brands contain the same types of nuts but the amount of each type differs. Mixtures

22. 2.1 Classifying Matter 2. Calculating What is the percent by mass of each type of nut in each can? Answer: Mixtures

23. 2.1 Classifying Matter 2. Calculating What is the percent by mass of each type of nut in each can? Answer: Brand A: 44.2% peanuts, 13.64% almonds, 16.79% Brazil nuts, 13.4% cashews, 5.77% hazelnuts, and 6.21% pecans Brand B: 54.8% peanuts, 8.90% almonds, 5.59% Brazil nuts, 21.06% cashews, 4.82% hazelnuts, and 4.82% pecans Mixtures

24. 2.1 Classifying Matter 3. Drawing Conclusions Do the contents of each can meet the FDA regulations? Explain. Answer: Mixtures

25. 2.1 Classifying Matter 3. Drawing Conclusions Do the contents of each can meet the FDA regulations? Explain. Answer: Yes. Both brands contain more than four types of nuts other than peanuts. The masses are within the 2% to 80% range. Mixtures

26. 2.1 Classifying Matter 4. Inferring On the Brand A label, the nuts are listed in this order: peanuts, Brazil nuts, almonds, cashews, pecans, and hazelnuts. What do you think determines the order? Answer: Mixtures

27. 2.1 Classifying Matter 4. Inferring On the Brand A label, the nuts are listed in this order: peanuts, Brazil nuts, almonds, cashews, pecans, and hazelnuts. What do you think determines the order? Answer: The ingredients are listed in order by total mass. The ingredient with the largest mass is listed first. Mixtures

28. 2.1 Classifying Matter What is the main difference among solutions, suspensions, and colloids? Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids The size of the particles in a mixture has an effect on the properties of the mixture. Based on the size of its largest particles, a mixture can be classified as a solution, a suspension, or a colloid.

29. 2.1 Classifying Matter Solutions When substances dissolve and form a homogeneous mixture, the mixture that forms is called a solution. Suspensions A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture that separates into layers over time. Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids

30. 2.1 Classifying Matter Colloids A colloid contains some particles that are intermediate in size between the small particles in a solution and the larger particles in a suspension. Like solutions, colloids do not separate into layers. You cannot use a filter to separate the parts of a colloid. Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids

31. 2.1 Classifying Matter These liquids represent three categories of mixtures. Windshield wiper fluid is a solution. Muddy water collected from a swamp is a suspension. Milk is a colloid. Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids

32. 2.1 Classifying Matter Assessment Questions 1.Which of these substances is a compound? a.copper b.water c.oxygen d.carbon

33. 2.1 Classifying Matter Assessment Questions 1.Which of these substances is a compound? a.copper b.water c.oxygen d.carbon ANS:B

34. 2.1 Classifying Matter Assessment Questions 2.Which of these groups of letters could be used as a symbol for an element? a.HF b.Cm c.Car d.fe

35. 2.1 Classifying Matter Assessment Questions 2.Which of these groups of letters could be used as a symbol for an element? a.HF b.Cm c.Car d.fe ANS:B

36. 2.1 Classifying Matter Assessment Questions 3.Which of the following statements does not apply to a compound? a.It is made of two or more elements. b.It has components that are joined in fixed proportions. c.It can be separated into components by physical methods. d.It can be broken down into elements or other compounds.

37. 2.1 Classifying Matter Assessment Questions 3.Which of the following statements does not apply to a compound? a.It is made of two or more elements. b.It has components that are joined in fixed proportions. c.It can be separated into components by physical methods. d.It can be broken down into elements or other compounds. ANS:C

38. 2.1 Classifying Matter Assessment Questions 4.How does a compound differ from a mixture? a.A compound cannot be broken down into simpler substances. b.Compounds can be separated by physical processes and mixtures cannot. c.The composition of a mixture cannot vary. d.A compound is made of two or more elements in fixed proportion.

39. 2.1 Classifying Matter Assessment Questions 4.How does a compound differ from a mixture? a.A compound cannot be broken down into simpler substances. b.Compounds can be separated by physical processes and mixtures cannot. c.The composition of a mixture cannot vary. d.A compound is made of two or more elements in fixed proportion. ANS:D

40. 2.1 Classifying Matter Assessment Questions 5.Which of these materials is a heterogeneous mixture? a.air b.seawater c.sand d.steel

41. 2.1 Classifying Matter Assessment Questions 5.Which of these materials is a heterogeneous mixture? a.air b.seawater c.sand d.steel ANS:C

42. 2.1 Classifying Matter Assessment Questions 6.Which of the following can be separated with a filter? a.colloids b.compounds c.solutions d.suspensions

43. 2.1 Classifying Matter Assessment Questions 6.Which of the following can be separated with a filter? a.colloids b.compounds c.solutions d.suspensions ANS:D