1. Lesson 22 Cold War: Berlin & Korea

2. If you can read this, thank a teacher If you are reading this in English, thank a veteran Veterans’ Day – November 11th

3. Lesson Objectives Build a foundation for understanding the genesis, issues, and strategies of the Cold War. Understand the strategy of containment and become familiar with the conflicts and confrontations that resulted. Begin to understand the concept of deterrence in the Cold War. Understand the causes, conduct, and consequences of the Berlin Airlift. Understand the causes, conduct, and consequences of the Korean War.

4. What was the Cold War?

5. The Cold War Cold War: A bipolar world, stabilized by a nuclear balance between two superpowers "The post-post Cold War" Thomas Friedman New York Times, May 10, 2006

6. The Cold War Class Definition A prolonged armed confrontation East West  Communism  Totalitarian Socialism DemocracyFree Market Capitalism   characterized by intense competition: Military Economic Diplomatic Scientific Cultural with local wars fought by proxies between

7. When did the Cold War begin?

8. WW II End Game Western Europe

9. WW II End Game Southern Europe

10. WW II End Game Eastern Europe

11. WW II End Game February 1945 Soviet army poised to begin push to Berlin 12 million men 4 million Allies still west of Rhine River

12. Cold War Timeline 28 Nov - 1 Dec 43 Tehran Conference First Face-to-Face Meeting of the Big Three

13. Tehran Conference November 28 - 1 December 1, 1943 US, Britain agree to open Second Front May 1944 Stalin insists on territory from Poland Allies agree to coordinate activities

14. Cold War Timeline 28 Nov - 1 Dec 43 Tehran Conference Yalta Conference4-11 Feb 45

15. Yalta Conference 4-11 February 1945

16. Yalta Conference 4-11 February 1945 The Big Three

17. Yalta Conference 4-11 February 1945 Each leader had their priorities: Roosevelt: Gain Soviet assistance in war with Japan Obtain Soviet participation in United Nations Churchill: Restore democratic institutions to Eastern Europe Stalin: Extend sphere of influence to Eastern Europe as buffer

18. Yalta Conference 4-11 February 1945 Results: Pursue unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany Germany to be divided into four occupation zones Berlin to be subject to four-power occupation Germany to be demilitarized and purged of Nazis Reparations to USSR (forced labor & industrial capacity) Recognition of provisional government and elections in Poland Poland would cede territory to USSR but gain from Germany USSR would join UN provided it had veto in Security Council USSR to declare war on Japan within 90 days of German defeat Defined the post-war world

19. Yalta Conference 4-11 February 1945 Newsreel

20. Yalta Conference 4-11 February 1945 Soviets would take Berlin Four Power Partition of Germany, Berlin Soviets would get parts of Poland Soviets would receive Japanese territory Korea divided at 38th parallel Concerns: Considered by many the beginning of the Cold War

21. Cold War Timeline 4-11 Feb 45 Yalta Conference 12 Apr 45 FDR dies, succeeded by Harry Truman

22. Transitions President Franklin D. Roosevelt Died at Warm Springs, Georgia April 12, 1945

23. Transitions Harry S. Truman Assumed presidency April 12, 1945

24. Cold War Timeline 4-11 Feb 45 12 Apr 45 Yalta Conference FDR dies, succeeded by Harry Truman 8 May 45 VE Day Potsdam Conference 17 Jul - 2 Aug 45

25. Potsdam Conference July 17 - August 2, 1945 Potsdam: Berlin suburb Big 3 allies gathered to discuss administration of Germany and other issues involving transition from war to peace

26. Potsdam Conference July 17 - August 2, 1945 Cecillenhof Palace, Potsdam Big 3 allies gathered to discuss administration of Germany and other issues involving transition from war to peace President Truman presided as the only head of state

27. Potsdam Conference July 17 - August 2, 1945 Big Three early in Potsdam Conference

28. Transitions Prime Minister Winston S. Churchill Clement Attlee Prime Minister, July 1945 - October 1951 Conservative Party voted out of office July 27, 1945

29. Potsdam Conference July 17 - August 2, 1945 Big Three late in Potsdam Conference

30. Potsdam Agreement August 1, 1945 Key Points: Political: Democratization, Disarmament, Demilitarization, Elimination of all Nazi influence. Economic: Destruction of all war-making industry Focus of economy to be agriculture and light industry Reparations to USSR from Soviet zone plus 10% of industrial capability from Western zone Dispersal of German navy and merchant marine War crimes: Established mechanism for Nuremberg Trials Provisions for governments of Austria and Poland Provisions for peace treaties and admission to United Nations Transfer of populations Source: PBS

31. German Zones of Occupation

32. Potsdam Conference Comment on back of photograph: “In which I tell Stalin we expect to drop the most powerful explosive ever on the Japanese. He smiled and said he appreciated my telling him but he did not know what I was talking - about - the Atomic Bomb! HST” Truman tells Stalin about A-bomb July 24, 1945 Department of Energy Source

33. Potsdam Declaration July 25, 1945 Key Points: Militarism must end in Japan Japanese Army to be disarmed Democracy to be established Industry to be allowed but no capability to rearm Territory taken from China to be returned Korea to become a free and independent nation War criminals to be punished Japan to be occupied until these provisions are complied with "We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction.” Resolution of Pacific War

34. Roots of the Cold War The Three Conferences Tehran Conference November 28 - 1 December 1, 1943 First meeting of “Big 3” Allies agree to coordinate war activities Yalta Conference 4-11 February 1945 Defined post-war world Potsdam Conference July 17 - August 2, 1945 Discussed issues in transition from war to peace Yalta Conference 4-11 February 1945 Defined post-war world

35. Cold War Timeline 4-11 Feb 45 12 Apr 45 8 May 45 17 Jul - 2 Aug 45 Yalta Conference FDR dies, succeeded by Harry Truman VE Day Potsdam Conference 6, 9 Aug 45 8 Aug 45 15 Aug 45 Atomic bombings of Japan USSR declares war on Japan VJ Day 11 Jan 46 Communist regime declared in Albania 22 Feb 46George Kennan “Long Telegram” from Moscow

36. “The Long Telegram” February 22, 1946 from Moscow George F. Keenan Deputy Chief of US Mission in Moscow Was responding to US Treasury inquiry Why is USSR not supporting world monetary system? His response is hailed as the defining document of Cold War Characterized Soviet mindset and coming confrontation with West Document served as foundation for Containment Policy Text of Message Wikisource

37. “The Long Telegram” February 22, 1946 from Moscow The USSR perceived itself at perpetual war with capitalism; Socialism and social democracy are enemies, not allies; USSR would use Marxists in the capitalist world as allies; Soviet aggression aligned with historic Russian xenophobia and paranoia; Soviet system prohibited objective view of reality. Soviet power impervious to logic of reason, but highly sensitive to logic of force. Highlights: Roots of Containment

38. Cold War Timeline 4-11 Feb 45 12 Apr 45 8 May 45 17 Jul - 2 Aug 45 6, 9 Aug 45 8 Aug 45 15 Aug 45 11 Jan 46 22 Feb 46 Yalta Conference FDR dies, succeeded by Harry Truman VE Day Potsdam Conference Atomic bombings of Japan USSR declares war on Japan VJ Day Communist regime declared in Albania George Kennan “Long Telegram” from Moscow Mar 46 Civil war erupts in Greece - Communists vs. conservatives

39. “Iron Curtain” March 5, 1946 Winston Churchill Westminster College, Fulton, MO “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an ‘iron curtain’ has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow.” Alt:  (0:51)

40. Cold War Timeline 5 Mar 46 8 Sep 46 19 Jan 47 12 Mar 47 Churchill “Iron Curtain” speech Bulgaria deposes king, establishes People’s Republic Referendum in Poland brings Communist government Truman Doctrine announced

41. Truman Doctrine March 12, 1947 US foreign policy designed to stop spread of Communism Pledged to provide economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey US foreign policy transitioned from détent to containment Some sources cite this as the beginning of the Cold War Alt:   (2:30)

42. George C. Marshall 1880-1959 Graduate of VMI (1901) Army Chief of Staff (1939) Time Man of the Year (1943) Soldier - Statesman

43. George C. Marshall 1880-1959 Graduate of VMI (1901) Army Chief of Staff (1939) Time Man of the Year (1943) General of the Army (5 stars - 1944) Secretary of State (1947 - 1949) Retired as Army Chief of Staff (1945) … the “true architect of victory” in Western Europe … Winston Churchill Soldier - Statesman

44. Marshall Plan April 3, 1948 Foreign Assistance Act of 1948 (Also referred to as the Economic Cooperation Act and the European Recovery Act) Grew from realization that slow recovery from war devastation in Western Europe would leave the region weak and subject to Communist incursion US leadership did not want a repeat of post- World War One conditions that contributed to the Great Depression and rise of Fascism. Marshall publicly presented idea in Harvard commencement address (June 5, 1947) Provided $12 B in recovery aid (Value in 2005 $: $555 B per GDP share) Major factor in Western European resistance to Communism

45. George C. Marshall 1880-1959 Graduate of VMI (1901) Army Chief of Staff (1939) Time Man of the Year (1943) General of the Army (5 stars - 1944) Secretary of State (1947 - 1949) Retired as Army Chief of Staff (1945) Secretary of Defense (1950 - 1951) Nobel Peace Prize (1953) Soldier - Statesman

46. Cold War Timeline 5 Mar 46 8 Sep 46 19 Jan 47 12 Mar 47 Churchill “Iron Curtain” speech Bulgaria deposes king, establishes People’s Republic Referendum in Poland brings Communist government Truman Doctrine announced 5 Jun 47 25 Feb 48 3 Apr 48 10 May 48 24 Jun 48 Sec State George Marshall outlines European aid plan Communist Party takes control of Czechoslovakia Truman signs Foreign Assistance Act (Marshall Plan) Republic of Korea proclaimed, Syngman Rhee president Stalin orders blockade of Berlin; allies respond with airlift

47. Berlin

49. Berlin Blockade Soviets wanted Western Allies out of Berlin June 24, 1948: Blocked all ground access to Berlin Ground access rights never formally guaranteed

50. Berlin Airlift June 24, 1948 - May 11, 1949 Western response: Air corridors guaranteed by Four Power agreement on Berlin supply city by air First significant confrontation of the Cold War

51. Berlin Airlift June 24, 1948 - May 11, 1949

52. Berlin Airlift June 24, 1948 - May 11, 1949 Major General William H. Tunner, USAF

53. Berlin Airlift June 24, 1948 - May 11, 1949 Douglas C-54 Skymaster

54. Berlin Airlift June 24, 1948 - May 11, 1949 Berlin Air Corridor Profile

55. Berlin Airlift June 24, 1948 - May 11, 1949 Approach to Tempelhof

56. Berlin Airlift June 24, 1948 - May 11, 1949 RAF Sunderland flying boat Operating on Havel River Carried general cargo plus bulk salt

57. Berlin Airlift June 24, 1948 - May 11, 1949

58. North Atlantic Treaty April 4, 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Formed Military alliance to protect Western Europe Original members: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, United Kingdom, United States Greece, Turkey joined in 1952 West Germany joined following ratification of Paris Peace Treaties (May 1955) USSR responded with Warsaw Pact (May 14, 1955) Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Rumania, Soviet Union

59. Cold War Timeline 9 Sep 48 4 Apr 49 11 May 49 23 May 49 29 Aug 49 Stalin declares PDRK legitimate government of all Korea North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) established Berlin Blockade lifted Federal Republic of Germany created from Western Zone Soviet Union detonates first nuclear device

60. Soviet A-bomb Soviet Nuclear Test (US code name “Joe 1”) August 29, 1949

61. NSC-68 April 14, 1950 Classified National Security Council document Full analysis of US-USSR relationship Defined initial US Cold War strategy: Containment Implemented the Truman Doctrine

62. Cold War Timeline 9 Sep 48 4 Apr 49 11 May 49 23 May 49 29 Aug 49 Stalin declares PDRK legitimate government of all Korea North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) established Berlin Blockade lifted Federal Republic of Germany created from Western Zone Soviet Union detonates first nuclear device 1 Oct 49 7 Oct 49 12 Jan 50 14 Feb 50 25 Jun 50 27 Jun 50 Mao Zedong declares People’s Republic of China German Democratic Republic created from Eastern Zone Sec State Acheson speech omits Korea as US interest area USSR & PRC sign mutual defense pact North Korea (PDRK) invades South Korea (ROK) United Nations votes to use military force to assist ROK

63. Korea War

64. Korea Annexed by Japan in 1910 Divided into zones of occupation at 38 th parallel after WW II USSR occupied north, US the south Big 3 pledged independence for Korea at Potsdam

65. Korea Ignored strategically by US after WW II “From the standpoint of military security, the United States has little strategic interest in maintaining the present troops and bases in Korea.” Joint Chiefs of Staff to President Truman 25 September 1947 Korea omitted from countries in US Pacific defense perimeter Secretary of State Dean Acheson Speech on the Far East National Press Club 12 January 1950 Soviets announced plan to withdraw their troops by 1 January 1949 28 September 1948

66. Korea Ignored strategically by US after WW II Secretary of State Dean Acheson Speech on the Far East National Press Club 12 January 1950 Source “The defensive perimeter runs along the Aleutians to Japan and then goes to the Ryukyus … [and] from the Ryukyus to the Philippine Islands.”

67. Korean War June 25, 1950 - (July 27, 1953) June 25, 1950: 100,000 troops supported by tanks and aircraft North Korean forces crossed 38 th parallel

68. Korean War North Korea Attacks 25 June 1950 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/maps/koreatxt.html

69. Korean War June 25, 1950 - (July 27, 1953) UN Security Council voting to use military force in Korea June 27,1950 USSR absent (boycotting UN)

70. Parallels Korea and Gulf War Both were declared non-vital to US These were the only two time the UN authorized military force (up to 1991)

71. Korean War June 25, 1950 - (July 27, 1953) General of the Army Douglas MacArthur Placed in command of UN forces

72. Korean War Pusan Perimeter July-August 1950

73. Korean War Inchon Landing 15 September 1950

74. Inchon Landing September 15, 1950 Operation Chromite MacArthur proposed bold strategic stroke in enemy rear

75. Inchon Landing September 15, 1950 Operation Chromite Inchon 10 miles from Seoul and lightly defended

76. Inchon Landing September 15, 1950 Problem: 30 foot tides

77. Inchon Landing September 15, 1950 Operation Chromite

78. Inchon Landing September 15, 1950 Operation Chromite

79. Korean War Approaching the Yalu River October-November 1950

80. Korean War China Enters the War November 1950 - January 1951 Memory of this haunted presidents during the Vietnam War

81. Truman & MacArthur Meeting at Wake Island, October 14, 1950

82. Truman & MacArthur Truman concerned about MacArthur’s “freelancing” Statements about expanding the war Did not seem to understand political implications of war “From the Far East I send you one message, written in blood on every beachhead from Australia to Tokyo: There is no substitute for victory!” General of the Army Douglas MacArthur

83. Firing Message "With deep regret I have concluded that General of the Army Douglas MacArthur is unable to give his wholehearted support to the policies of the U.S. Government and of the U.N. in matters pertaining to his official duties. In view of the specific responsibilities imposed upon me by the Constitution of the U.S. and the added responsibilities entrusted to me by the U.N. I have decided that I must make a change in command in the Far East. I have, therefore, relieved General MacArthur of his command and have designated Lt. Gen. Matthew Ridgway as his successor". Truman Statement on MacArthur April 6, 1951

84. Korean War Stalemate January 1951 - 27 July 1953 US Battle Deaths:36,940

85. Korean War June 25, 1950 - (July 27, 1953) November 1952: Dwight Eisenhower elected president Visited Korea as president-elect Hinted at use of nuclear weapons to end war Chinese got serious about negotiations Cease fire signed July 27, 1953

86. Lesson 24 Cold War: Living on the Brink Next:

87. Lesson Objectives Build a foundation for understanding the genesis, issues, and strategies of the Cold War. Understand the strategy of containment and become familiar with the conflicts and confrontations that resulted. Be able to describe and discuss the concepts of countervalue and counterforce targeting. Begin to understand the concept of deterrence in the Cold War. Understand the impact of the Cold War nuclear standoff on US society.

88. End

90. If you can read this, thank a teacher If you are reading this in English, thank a veteran