1. Satellite Navigation – Truths & Myths
Professor David Last
Royal Institute of Navigation
Institut für Erdmessung und Navigation
Universität der Bundeswehr, München
15 March 2007
Picture: earthobservatory.nasa.
gov//ewsroom/BlueMarble/
© David Last

2. From: Kelvin Hughes Ltd.

3. From: May, V., ‘The first handheld aviation navigator’, Navigation News Nov/Dec 2001, pp8-9..

4. From: www.garmin.com/marine

5. From: Simmons, ‘Practical applications of GPS for GIS and civil engineering’,
Suppl. To Civil Engineering, 114, Sp. Issue 2, pp30-34.

6. Photo: Ashtech Inc., Optron Pty.

7. From: www.cellphonesforbusiness.com/

8. Contents: www. cellpoint
Contents: and

9. Threats from unintentional interference
Threats from intentional (malicious) interference
Threats from unintentional interference
Risks can be reduced but not eliminated
Consequences severe for safety, economic damage
A tempting target for those hostile to the US
GPS can be jammed
GPS can be spoofed – gives misleading information
Minimise consequences by awareness and planning
Need backup system & procedures in critical applications

10. Dice is 1mW GPS jammer

11. Picture: Google Earth
© David Last

12. Source: Clynch et al, ‘Multiple GPS RFI Sources in a Small California Harbor’, ION GPS02, Portland OR.

14.
Observer, London, 29 Jan 2003

15. UK accepts total reliance on GPS not acceptable
Marine Navigation to retain traditional aids
Aviation: terrestrial backup except
over North Sea and North Atlantic,
“benign environments for interference”
David Jamieson,
Under Secretary of State, Dept. of Transport

16. Car navigation 23% Mobile phones 73% Aviation 1% Fleet management 1%
Leisure 1%
Surveying 1%
Augmentation 1%
Car navigation 23%
Mobile phones 73%

17. … fewer than 40 of the 137 applications
analysed would remain operational
following the loss of GPS and
its augmentations …
© David Last

18. © David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
Loran-C
Transmitter
tower
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

19. Loran as a complement to satellite:
Satellite Loran-C
Low powered: vulnerable
High-frequency
Line-of-sight: easily blocked
A navigation and timing system
High-powered: robust
Low-frequency
Groundwave: penetrates cities
A navigation and timing system
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

20. © David Last

21. © David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

22. Commission has taken account of Volpe
Galileo has taken potential threats into account
Galileo far less vulnerable than current GPS
Galileo to transmit on ‘variety of different and
separated frequencies’, thus eliminating most
concerns expressed in Volpe report
Heinz Hilbrecht, Director, Inland Transport,
European Commission DG for Energy and Transport

23. Picture: europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/energy_transport/galileo/intro/index_en.htm

24. GPS & Galileo - so different: GPS military, Galileo civil
GPS single-nation, Galileo multi-nation
Frequencies, codes, timing, geodetics
GPS free-to-air, Galileo user-pays
GPS military-operated, Galileo PPP
It’s hard to imagine a more different approach …
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

25. © David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
GPS began life as:
A “weapons aiming system
and force enhancer”
A US Air Force system with
no civil applications
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

26. © David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
Macrometer V boxes, 91kg
Picture: Alison Brown, “A perspective on land navigation – the evolution from man-packs to modules”, Navsys Corporation
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

27. Differential GPS (DGPS)
Picture: Admiralty List of Radio Signals
David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

28. © David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
March 29, FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
PRESIDENT OPENS DOOR TO COMMERCIAL GPS MARKETS; MOVE COULD ADD … NEW JOBS TO ECONOMY BY YEAR 2000
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

29. U.S. Policy Statement Regarding GPS Availability, March 21, 2003
The U.S. Government also maintains the capability to prevent hostile use of GPS and its augmentations while retaining a military advantage in a theater of operations without disrupting or degrading civilian uses outside the theater of operations.
Source:
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

30. © David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
US policy will be to:
Encourage acceptance and integration of GPS
into peaceful civil, commercial and scientific
applications worldwide.
… advocate the acceptance of GPS and U.S.
Government augmentations as standards for
international use.
‘U.S. Global Positioning System Policy’, Fact sheet ,Office of Science and Technology Policy,
National Security Council 29 March 1996
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

31. © David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
GPS is … . an integral component of the … global information infrastructure, with applications … from mapping and surveying to
… air traffic management
‘U.S. Global Positioning System Policy’, Fact sheet ,Office of Science and Technology Policy,
National Security Council 29 March 1996
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

32. GPS has … generated a US commercial equipment and service industry that leads the world.
White House Press Release, 29 March 1996
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

33. The US government will … © David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
“Limit availability of radionavigation systems … in the event of a real or potential threat of war or impairment to national security.”
1999 Federal Radionavigation Plan, Section 1.5(l)
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

34. © David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
GALILEO European Satellite Navigation
System
What’s new?
Real-time integrity - warning of failure
Legal service guarantees
Multi-nation control
Commercial service-provider
Civil, not military
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

35. © David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
War is glorious!
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

36. Picture: europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/energy_transport/galileo/intro/index_en.htm

37. Picture: M Dillon, CEO ESYS plc, Royal Institute of Navigation, 19 Dec 2005
© David Last

38. +
Picture: europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/energy_transport/galileo/applications/index_en.htm

39. A Mongol horde from the East © David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
Mr. V.T. Impaler
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

40. © David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
GALILEO European Satellite Navigation
System
A threat to GPS?
Challenges US lead
Undermines selective denial
Shares frequencies
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

41. Godet et al, ‘Galileo spectrum and interoperability issues’
GNSS2003, Graz, Austria April 2003

42. NATO does have a very clear interest in making sure that (it) is able … to deny a potential adversary's access to … any other satellite navigation services during a conflict.
Robert G. Bell
NATO Assistant Secretary General for Defence Support
Robert G. Bell, GPS and Galileo – Capabilities and compatibility
European satellites for security conference,
Brussels, Belgium, 19 June 2002

43. GPS & Galileo - cooperation: Brussels, Feb 25 2004
Europe to move PRS away from M-Code
Common baseline signal structures
Compatible timing and geodetics
Open trade
A common goal: the best possible GNSS for users …
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

44. © David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

45. Galileo - the challenges: Recovering the investment
Who will take legal liability?
Securing the frequencies and codes
Ceding control to new partners
Access to advanced GPS technology
… and the dream of independence …
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

46. © David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
Galileo
- still independent?
Combined GPS-Galileo receivers
Agreements over security
Level commercial playing field
Common interference vulnerability
When would GPS be withdrawn,
and Galileo continue, independently?
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

47. Royal Institute of Navigation
Satellite Navigation
– Truths & Myths?
Professor David Last
Royal Institute of Navigation
How many of these statements are true?
And which of them are myths?
15 March 2007
München
“A generation ago, navigation was a specialised art practised
by a small number of professionals. GPS brought radio-
navigation to every yachtsman. Then it developed into a
powerful utility that will serve all our navigation, tracking
and timing needs at sea, on land, and in the air. Soon,
Galileo will join GPS, giving Europe independence of the
US in satellite navigation, and a vigorous new industry.”
© David Last

48. © David Last, University of Wales, Bangor
GPS & Galileo:
Where are we headed?
Galileo - Combined with GPS
Contributions from other nations
A Global Satellite Navigation System
© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor