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Mixtures, Elements, Compounds
Ch Mixtures, Elements, Compounds
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Symbols Chemists use chemical symbols to represent elements
Chemical Symbol: 1st 1-2 letters of the name of the element 1st letter is always Capitalized 2nd letter is always lower case Examples: Co = Cobalt; O = Oxygen; Be = Berylium Exception: Some use the letters from the Latin name Examples: Fe = Iron (Ferrum) K = Potassium (Kalium) Cu = Copper (Cuprium)
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Formulas Chemists use chemical formulas to represent compounds
Compounds: 2 or more elements Examples: NaCl = Sodium Chloride H2O = Water
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Breaking up Compounds can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means, but elements cannot Chemical changes can be used to break down the substances Heating sugar can be heated until it breaks down into solid carbon and water vapor
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“Heating sugar can be heated until it breaks down into solid carbon and water vapor”
Do you think either of those substances that are formed can be broken down any? Yes, the water can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen
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Properties Properties of compounds differ greatly from the properties of the individual elements that make them up Solid sodium is extremely reactive Chlorine is a gas Combined they make up sodium chloride, aka table salt
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Na + Cl2 NaCl Sodium + Chlorine Table salt
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H2 + O2 H2O
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Classifying mixtures A mixture is a physical blend of two or more components Based on the distribution of the components, mixtures can be classified as heterogeneous or homogeneous mixtures
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Heterogeneous mixture: a mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout
Ex: oil and vinegar, sand in water Homogeneous mixture: a mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout Also known as a solution
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Homogeneous mixtures Many solutions are liquid, but can also be gas (air) or solids (stainless steel) The term “phase” can be used to describe any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties Homogeneous mixtures have 1 phase
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Heterogeneous V. Homogeneous
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Distinguishing Substance and Mixtures
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Separating mixtures Different physical properties can be used to separate mixtures Different BPs or MPs can be used Filtration: separates a solid from a liquid Coffee filters separate grounds from water Distillation: a liquid is boiled to produce a vapor then condensed into a liquid
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Paper chromatography Separating a mixture
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Chemical reactions Chemical changes are signs of chemical reactions happening Iron reacting with oxygen to form rust Fe + O2 Fe2O3 During a chemical reaction, the composition of matter always changes
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A substance produced in the reaction is the “product”
Fe + O2 Fe2O3 A substance present at the start of a chemical reaction is called a “reactant” A substance produced in the reaction is the “product” Reactants react to produce products
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Recognizing chemical reactions
Signs a reaction may have occurred: Production of gas or bubbles Change in color Change in temperature Precipitate forms A solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture
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Law of Conservation of Mass
During any chemical reaction or physical change, the mass of the products is always equal to the mass of the reactants Bottom line: you cannot create or destroy matter. Matter is conserved.
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Discuss What about burning a candle? Where does the mass go??
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Review questions How are mixtures classified?
Come up with a way to separate a mixture of sand and salt How is a compound different from an element? How much water would form if 4.8 grams of hydrogen reacted with 38.4 g oxygen?
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