1. Aug. 6, 2005Meridiani Base: The 2nd Mars Expedition Planning WorkshopPage 1 of 25 The Development of In-Situ Material Utilization for the Colonization of Mars Daniel Fudge B.A.Sc., M.A.Sc. Member of Technical Staff, MDA Space Missions ISU SSP05 Participant

2. Aug. 6, 2005Meridiani Base: The 2nd Mars Expedition Planning WorkshopPage 2 of 25 Overview Motivation Resource requirements Possible solutions to these requirements ISMU implementation in the 2019 mission Conclusions Questions

3. Aug. 6, 2005Meridiani Base: The 2nd Mars Expedition Planning WorkshopPage 3 of 25 Motivation Reduced mission cost, mass, volume, complexity and risk. –Sir John Franklin vs. Roald Amundsen Northwest Passage exploration [1]. –$450B “90 Day Report” vs. $55B “Semi-Direct” Mars exploration architectures [1]. Necessary for colonization.

4. Aug. 6, 2005Meridiani Base: The 2nd Mars Expedition Planning WorkshopPage 4 of 25 Resource Requirements Propellant Breathable Air Water Power generation and storage Electronic and electrical components Chemicals for scientific, industrial and recycling systems Building materials

5. Aug. 6, 2005Meridiani Base: The 2nd Mars Expedition Planning WorkshopPage 5 of 25 Possible Solutions - Propellant Hydrogen-Oxygen from water Aluminum-Oxygen from AL 2 O 3 [3] Silane (SiH 4 )-Carbon Dioxide [1] Methane-Oxygen [1][4]

6. Aug. 6, 2005Meridiani Base: The 2nd Mars Expedition Planning WorkshopPage 6 of 25 Possible Solutions - Breathable Air & Water Buffer Gasses –Atmospheric argon and nitrogen Oxygen –Atmospheric Carbon dioxide –Water Water –Regolith –Ice –Brines –Geothermally heated sub-surface pools

7. Aug. 6, 2005Meridiani Base: The 2nd Mars Expedition Planning WorkshopPage 7 of 25 Possible Solutions - Power Generation –Geothermal power plant or windmills –Solar panels from SiO 2 [3] –Fusion reactors from deuterium [1] Storage –Batteries –Chemical

8. Aug. 6, 2005Meridiani Base: The 2nd Mars Expedition Planning WorkshopPage 8 of 25 Possible Solutions - Electronics & Chemicals Silicon form SiO 2 [3] Ethylene (C 2 H 4 ) from carbon dioxide and hydrogen Locally grown plant derivatives Replace traditional polymers and organic materials Martian chemistry

9. Aug. 6, 2005Meridiani Base: The 2nd Mars Expedition Planning WorkshopPage 9 of 25 Possible Solutions - Building Materials Iron Aluminum [3] Titanium [3] Bricks [5] Concrete [5] Sintered glass [5] Polyethylene and polypropylene [1]

10. Aug. 6, 2005Meridiani Base: The 2nd Mars Expedition Planning WorkshopPage 10 of 25 ISMU Implementation in 2019 Mission Propellant production (ISPP) Water processing Breathable Air Brick construction Iron casting Ethylene production

11. Aug. 6, 2005Meridiani Base: The 2nd Mars Expedition Planning WorkshopPage 11 of 25 ISMU Implementation - Propellant Usage Earth Return Vehicle (ERV) –Methane-oxygen (Isp ~ 380s) [1] Rover fuel cells –Methane-oxygen with reformer to extract hydrogen from the methane [4]

12. Aug. 6, 2005Meridiani Base: The 2nd Mars Expedition Planning WorkshopPage 12 of 25 ISMU Implementation - ISPP Summary Three reactors in the plant –Sabatier: CO 2 + 4H 2  CH 4 + 2H 2 O –Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS): CO 2 + H 2  CO + H 2 O –Hydrolysis: 2H 2 O  O 2 + 2H 2 1 kg of H 2 from Earth produces 18 kg of propellant [1] Optimal oxygen to methane ratio of 4 to 1 [1]

13. Aug. 6, 2005Meridiani Base: The 2nd Mars Expedition Planning WorkshopPage 13 of 25 ISMU Implementation - ISPP Demos Two system plants have been constructed and tested –“ Air revitalization system ” by Astrium GmbH in 1997 –Martin Marietta system in 1994 Both use the Sabatier process Astrium - 125 to 190g per hour of CO 2 with 1400W [6] Martin Marietta - 28g of CO 2 per hour with 300W [6] Average consumption: 7.4 to 11.2 W*hr/g CO 2

14. Aug. 6, 2005Meridiani Base: The 2nd Mars Expedition Planning WorkshopPage 14 of 25 ISMU Implementation - Air & Water Nitrogen and Argon are bi-products of the ISPP plant’s carbon dioxide filters Oxygen and water can be produced from the Sabatier and RWGS reactors on the ISPP plant The limiting component is hydrogen

15. Aug. 6, 2005Meridiani Base: The 2nd Mars Expedition Planning WorkshopPage 15 of 25 ISMU Implementation - Water Due to the hydrogen shortage the search for water in all forms is necessary Ice or water trapped in materials such as gypsum or smectite [1] –Not processed in large quantities only search and sampling Geothermally heated pools of liquid water or brine –Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) mounted to the rover bottom –Processed if found for surplus hydrogen, the search for life and invaluable processing experience

16. Aug. 6, 2005Meridiani Base: The 2nd Mars Expedition Planning WorkshopPage 16 of 25 ISMU Implementation - Roman Barrel Vault Protects equipment from dust and thermal fluctuations Proof of concept for future pressurized structures Sample vault has internal dimensions of 2.5x1.7x3m consisting of 465 bricks Rectangular bricks are 10x30x60cm Rectangular Bricks Voussoirs Keystone

17. Aug. 6, 2005Meridiani Base: The 2nd Mars Expedition Planning WorkshopPage 17 of 25 ISMU Implementation - Brick Production Full automated. Only requires addition of filtered regolith, water and power Assuming 20 minutes per brick, 6.5 days to manufacture the 465 vault bricks Regolith H2OH2O Mixer900C Oven 200C Oven Brick Storage

18. Aug. 6, 2005Meridiani Base: The 2nd Mars Expedition Planning WorkshopPage 18 of 25 ISMU Implementation - Iron Casting Utilizes carbon monoxide from RWGS to produce iron (Fe) [1] –3CO + Fe 2 O 3  2Fe + 3CO 2 Combines the iron with carbon monoxide at 110C to form iron carbonyl (Fe(CO) 5 ) [1] –3CO + Fe 2 O 3  2Fe + 3CO 2 Iron carbonyl is liquid at room temperature –Liquid can form into a mold Heating to 200C releases the CO –The mold hardens into solid iron

19. Aug. 6, 2005Meridiani Base: The 2nd Mars Expedition Planning WorkshopPage 19 of 25 ISMU Implementation - Ethylene Production Utilizes carbon monoxide from RWGS to produce ethylene (C 2 H 4 ) [1] –2CO + 4H 2  C 2 H 4 + 2H 2 O Requires new reactor but very little crew time Important demonstration for future colonization

20. Aug. 6, 2005Meridiani Base: The 2nd Mars Expedition Planning WorkshopPage 20 of 25 Conclusions ISMU reduces the cost, mass, volume, complexity and risk involved in a mission. ISMU is necessary for successful future colonization The 2019 mission should implement –Methane-oxygen ISPP –Processing of liquid water or brine –Brick processing and roman vault creation –Iron casting –Ethylene production

21. Aug. 6, 2005Meridiani Base: The 2nd Mars Expedition Planning WorkshopPage 21 of 25 Questions ???

22. Aug. 6, 2005Meridiani Base: The 2nd Mars Expedition Planning WorkshopPage 22 of 25 Appendix

23. Aug. 6, 2005Meridiani Base: The 2nd Mars Expedition Planning WorkshopPage 23 of 25 References [1]Zubrin R., Wagner R. (1996) The Case For Mars, pp. 16, 68. [2]Doll S. (2003) Keys to Space, International Space University, Toronto, 8.38- 8.48. [3]Rieder R., Economou T., Wanke H., Turkevich A., Crisp J., Bruckner J., Dreibus G., McSween H. Y. Jr. (1997) The Chemical Composition of Martian Soil and Rocks Returned by the Mobile Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer: Preliminary Results from the X-ray Mode, Science Vol. 278. [4]Vanderwyst A., Beyer J., Passow C., Paulson A., Rowland C. (2003) Power Generation and Energy Usage in a Pressurized Mars Rover, AAS 03-320, 332-334. [5]Duke M. B (1998) Mars Surface Mission Workshop, LPI Contribution No. 934, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston. 11 pp. [6]Baker A M (2003) 'ISRU System design & Roadmapping' report submitted under ESA Contract 'Future Power Systems for Space Exploration', ESTEC contract # 14565/00/NL/WK.

24. Aug. 6, 2005Meridiani Base: The 2nd Mars Expedition Planning WorkshopPage 24 of 25 Resource Drivers Environmental control and life support [2] Environmental protection Communication and transportation Scientific investigation and industry

25. Aug. 6, 2005Meridiani Base: The 2nd Mars Expedition Planning WorkshopPage 25 of 25 What is ISMU? ISMU = In-Situ Material Utilization Definition: Using the materials found in the field to survive, work and expand. These materials include the atmosphere, regolith, minerals, H 2 O and any other material found on-site. In-Situ Propellant Production (ISPP) is a subset of ISMU.