1. Definitions and Models DEMOCRACY AND DEMOCRATIZATION

2. Origin and Sources of Democracy (I) Greek Democracy  The foundation for the concept of public participation  Public participation in the affairs of government  The people were the state.  The idea of popular sovereignty Roman Tradition  The concept of republicanism that emphasized the separation of powers within a state and the representation of the public through elected officials.  Legislative bodies (like a senate)

3. Origin and Sources of Democracy (II) Democratic Institutions & Practices in Europe and the U.S.  In 13 th century, English nobles forced King John to sign the Magna Carta, a document that curbed the rights of the king and laid the foundation for an early form of legislature.  The idea that no individual, not even the king, was above the law.  The 1642 English Civil War (King Charles I vs. Parliament) in which the king eventually lost and killed. Monarchy’s attempt to expand its power failed.  In 1646, Treaty of Westphalia asserts the right of European states to choose their own religion, enforcing the notion of state sovereignty.  Bill of Rights was passed in England in 1689, establishing parliamentary supremacy.  In 1787, U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights codify the separation of powers and civil rights  Reform Acts in the UK expanded voting rights to much of the male population during 1832-84.

4. Direct Democracy  Democracy as a form of government offering a workable solution to the fundamental political problem of reaching collective decisions by peaceful means  Democracy was defined by Aristotle as ‘each to rule and be ruled in turn’  Flaws in Athens’ ‘little democracy’ Citizenship was restricted to a small elite Most citizens were absent from most assembly meetings The system was elaborate, time-consuming and expensive The principle of self-government did not always lead to decisive and coherent policy (the lack of a permanent bureaucracy contributed to ineffective)

5. Representative Democracy The principle is not self-rule but elected government Modern democracy is based on a liberal philosophy  Constitution—”supreme over all causes”  The role of the state is restricted by constitution  A distinction between public and private Features  A large size of population, mass literacy, industrialization  Elite rule (through party competition) as both inevitable and desirable  Representative government allows experts to make decision and limits the popular voice  Limited government

6. Definitions of Democracy Dahl (1971)  Freedom to form and join organizations  Freedom of expression  The right to vote  Eligibility for public office  The right of political leaders to compete for support  Free and fair elections

7. Definitions of Democracy Dahl (2000)  Effective participation  Equality in voting  Gaining enlightened understanding  Exercising final control over the agenda  Inclusion of adults

8. Definitions of Democracy Schmitter & Karl add requirements  Elected Leaders must not be subject to veto from unelected officials  Elected officials must be able to make binding decisions without approval of foreign actors  Not necessarily capitalism or economic freedoms  Not necessarily more orderly, stable, or consensual than nondemocracy

9. Definitions of Democracy Schmitter & Karl add requirements  Elected Leaders must not be subject to veto from unelected officials  Elected officials must be able to make binding decisions without approval of foreign actors  Not necessarily capitalism or economic freedoms  Not necessarily more orderly, stable, or consensual than nondemocracy

10. Dahl: Democracy & Polyarchies  A theoretical utopia  Politically advanced countries are called as “polyarchies”  Polyarchies have elected officials, free and fair elections, inclusive suffrage, rights to run for office, freedom of expression, alternative information and associational autonomy.  Those institutions are a major advance in that they created multiple centers of political power.

11. Definitions of Democracy (Larry Diamond) Required institutions for protecting liberal democracy ▪ Constitution ▪ Civil society ▪ Independent media ▪ Independent judiciary Three constant paradoxes related to stability  Conflict vs. consensus ( there must be disagreements & opposition in order to allow competition, yet not too much disagreement )  Representativeness vs. governability (governments must be responsive to constituencies, yet must be able to govern effectively)  Consent vs. effectiveness  Democracy <= consent <=legitimacy <= effectiveness <= unpopular decisions (<= requires or based on)

12. Definitions of Democracy Linz & Stepan add the conditions for democracy consolidation  State must exist  Transitional phase must be complete  Official government must have full respect of the law  Combination of collective rights of nationalities or minorities—the least conflictual way

13. Types of Democracy  Direct democracy  Illiberal democracy  Representative democracy  Liberal democracy

14. Types of Democracy  Illiberal Democracy Elections, but not free and fair Regimes deprive citizens of basic rights and freedoms  Formal (Procedural) Democracy Free and fair elections, with a multi-party system and universal suffrage, but few other political rights exist  Liberal Democracy Has all the characteristics of formal democracy Citizens have civil rights and freedoms that are protected by rule of law  Substantive Democracy Citizens have equality of political influence and participation

15. Determinants of Democracy --Robert Barro  Electoral rights  Urbanization  Economic prosperity  Equal Opportunities for education  Health  Upper-level schooling  Inequality of income and schooling  Ethnolinguistic fractionalization  The rule of law  Colonial history  Religion  Civil liberties