1. Political Science Dr. Nerijus Maliukevičius Vilnius University

2. Political ideas – The Borgias

3. Power and political communication – Wag the Dog

4. Interest groups and Lobbing – Thank You for Smoking

5. Ideologies – An Inconvenient Truth

6. International relations – Eddy Izzard’s Dress to Kill

7. Definition? “Ideology – a closed system of thought, which, by claiming a monopoly of truth, refuses to tolerate opposing ideas and rival beliefs” “Ideology as an action-oriented belief system, an interrelated set of ideas that in some way guides and inspires political action.” “World view” – “Ideal society” – “Roadmap”

8. Ideas and Ideologies Liberalism – the highest value is given to individual, his freedoms and rights. Historic context: Fall of feudalism, birth of capitalism New class of bourgeoisie Contra: Absolutism and feudal privileges Pro: Constitutional/representative government; Laissez-fair capitalism with no State intervention.

9. Ideas and Ideologies Principles: Individualism Freedom Rationalism Equality Tolerance Agreement Constitutionalism

10. Ideas and Ideologies John Locke, Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, Maynard Keynes, contemporaries. Classical Liberalism, Social Liberalism, Contemporary Liberalism (American, German, other)

11. Ideas and Ideologies Conservatism – the highest value is given to loyalty, tradition, authority, order and stability. Historical context: Reaction to revolutionary movement of the XVIII century Old class of aristocracy and royalty Contra: Reform Pro: ancien regime “Change in order to conserve”

12. Ideas and Ideologies Principles: Tradition Pragmatism Imperfection of human nature Hierarchy Authority Government

13. Ideas and Ideologies Edmund Burke, Joseph de Maistre, contemporaries. Classical Conservatism, New right, Neo- conservatism

14. Ideas and Ideologies Socialism – the highest value is given to social community, justice, equality. Historical context: Reaction to the industrialization New class of workers Contra: Capitalism Pro: Reform/revolution Common ownership

15. Ideas and Ideologies Principles: Collectivism Social equality and justice Cooperation and brotherhood Monolithic society without classes Public property

16. Ideas and Ideologies Karl Marx; Friedrich Engels; Vladimir Lenin; Leon Trotsky, contemporaries. Marxism, Communism, Social democracy, New Left

17. Spectrum?!

18. Ideas and Ideologies Radical (goal and means) political ideologies Anarchism Fascism Nazism Religious fundamentalism

19. Q’s Uses and misuses of Political Ideas and Ideologies? Intellectual influences on Political leaders. Influences on Political thinkers: family, mentors, jail… other?

20. Power and politics Questions: 1. Power, its forms and resources; 2. Legitimacy, Legality, Authority; 3. Types of legitimate authority (Max Weber); 4. Distribution of power in society: Marxism, Elitism, Pluralism.

24. Power, The Concept Power is social ability to control the (political) environment, including the behaviour of other persons. Steven Lukes: one-dimensional, two-dimensional or three- dimensional concept (decision making/result plus informal influences plus values; language; culture) Power as Decision-making – A over B Power as Agenda setting – framing choices Power as “Thought control” – shaping needs or wants

25. Power, The Concept Context of power relations! Potential vs. real power!

26. Forms of Power Coercion or hard power: military might, psychological abilities; Authority: formal posts, social positions; Expert power: information, knowledge. Soft power: charisma, attractiveness of culture and values; SMART POWER!

27. Power resources 1. Economic; 2. Social; 3. Cultural/informational. Cumulative effect!

28. Political power 1. Legal coercion; 2. Decision implementation; 3. Publicity; 4. Centrality of power; 5. Multidimensional power.

29. Power, Legitimacy, Legality, Authority… Power refers to the ability to achieve certain ends. Legitimacy is lawful and just exercise of power. Legality is ruling based on law and procedures. Authority refers to a claim of legitimacy, justification and right to exercise the power.