1. Matter

2. Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space (volume) Examples:
A brick has mass and takes up space
A desk has mass and takes up space
A pencil has mass and takes up space
Air has mass and takes up space
Mass vs. Weight
All of the above examples are considered matter because they have mass and take up space. Can you think of anything that would not be considered matter?

3. Atoms
Smallest possible unit into which matter can be divided, while still maintaining its properties
Over 100 different kinds of atoms exist (≈ 90 occur naturally and ≈ 25 made in labs)
Cannot be seen by the naked eye or even an optical microscope
Can combine, or bond, to create additional types of matter
Always moving when above the temperature of absolute zero - +
For example, what is the
smallest possible unit
into which a long essay can be
divided and still have some meaning? - + + - + -
Taking a closer look will reveal that atoms are composed of smaller parts

4. Atoms are so small that…
it would take a stack of about 50,000 aluminum atoms to equal the thickness of a sheet of aluminum foil from your kitchen.
if you could enlarge a penny until it was as wide as the US, each of its atoms would be only about 3 cm in diameter – about the size of a ping-pong ball
a human hair is about 1 million carbon atoms wide.
a typical human cell contains roughly 1 trillion atoms.
a speck of dust might contain 3x1012 (3 trillion) atoms.
it would take you around 500 years to count the number of atoms in a grain of salt.
C-C-C-C-C-… + 999,995 more
1 trillion atoms  .
Is made of approximately 3 trillion atoms
Just one of these grains

5. Let’s Experiment
In order to try to gain an idea of how small an atom really is, you will complete the following activity.
Cut a strip of 11 in. paper in half.
Place one half on the table.
Cut the remaining piece in half.
Continue cutting and placing the strips on the table as many times as you can.
Make all cuts parallel to the first one.

6. Results How many cuts were you able to make?
Do you think you could keep cutting the paper forever? Why or why not?
You would have to cut the paper in half around thirty-one (31) times to get to the size of any atom.

7. Compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds
Combining Atoms
There are over one hundred different types of atoms and they oftentimes combine to make new substances known as molecules and compounds
Molecule
Results from the bonding of
two or more atoms
Compound
A substance that contains two or more different elements (atoms)
Example – Oxygen Gas (O2)
Example – Water (H2 O)
Compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds

8. Building Molecules/Compounds
Use the molecular model kit to build the following molecules/compounds
O – O
H – O - H
Structural Diagrams
Show atomic arrangement of
molecule/compound
Oxygen Gas
Water
Which of these are
molecules?
Compounds?
Both?
Chemical Bond
Link holding atoms together
Chemical Symbol
Abbreviation for the element/atom
Propane
Glucose
Build a Molecule

9. Molecule, Compound, or Both?
Nitrogen
Cl2
Chlorine
NO2
Nitrogen Dioxide
CO2
Carbon Dioxide O2
Oxygen
CH4
Methane H2
Hydrogen NO
Nitric Oxide
H2O
Water

10. Combining Molecules/Compounds
a combination of two or more substances that do not combine chemically, but remain the same individual substances is known as a mixture
can be separated by physical means
two types
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous
Based on the prefixes
“hetero” and “homo,”
what do you think are
characteristics of these
two types of mixtures?

11. Creating Mixtures – Part 1
Pour cup A into cup B and mix the contents with a glass stirring rod.
Observations/Questions
Describe what you see in the cup.
Draw a picture of what you see in the beaker.
Using any means necessary, try to separate the mixture back into its original parts. Was it possible to separate the mixture? Why or why not?

12. Heterogeneous Mixture
“Hetero” means different
consists of visibly different substances or phases (solid, liquid, gas)
a suspension is a special type of heterogeneous mixture of larger particles that eventually settle
Example:
Notice the
visibly
different
substances
Trail Mix

13. Creating Mixtures – Part 2
Pour cup C into cup D and mix the contents with a glass stirring rod.
Observations/Questions
Describe what you see in the cup.
Draw a picture of what you see in the beaker.
Using any means necessary, try to separate the mixture back into its original parts. Was it possible to separate the mixture? Why or why not?

14. Homogeneous Mixture “Homo” means the same
has the same uniform appearance and composition throughout; maintain one phase (solid, liquid, gas)
commonly referred to as solutions
Example:
Notice the
uniform
appearance
Salt Water

15. Physical Properties of Matter
any property of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the matter
Examples
color
shape
taste
state/phase
density
D = m V

16. Chemical Properties of Matter
any property of matter that describes a substance based on its ability to change into a new substance
Examples
flammability
reactivity with vinegar
reactivity with oxygen
Iron + Oxygen  Iron oxide (rust)
2Fe + 3O2  Fe2O3

17. Chemical or Physical Property?
Paper is white
Boiling point of H2O is 100oC
Zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid and creates hydrogen gas
Nitrogen does not burn
Sulfur smells like rotten eggs
Physical Property
Physical Property
Chemical Property
Chemical Property
Physical Property

18. Comparing Physical and Chemical Properties
Substance/Matter
Physical Property
Chemical Property
Helium
Less dense than air
Nonflammable
Wood
Grainy texture
Flammable
Baking soda
White powder
Reacts with vinegar to produce bubbles
Powdered sugar
Does not react with vinegar
Rubbing alcohol
Clear liquid
Red food coloring
Red color
Reacts with bleach and loses color
Iron
Malleable
Reacts with oxygen

19. Physical Change a change in shape, size, color, or state
a change without a change in chemical composition
a change that is reversible
The Mixtures Lab
Examples
tearing paper
cutting your hair
change in state

20. Changes in States (Physical Changes)
Why do you think Bose-Einstein and plasma are not equally distanced from the other three states of matter?
Ionization
Plasma
Disposition
Recombination
Vaporization
(Evaporation/Boiling)
Gas
Condensation
Melting
Liquid
Solid
Freezing
Sublimation
All changes in state require a change in energy
Bose-Einstein

21. Phase Changes Simulation
PhET
Harcourt School
Pearson
This is what happens when energy is added and/or taken away from matter

22. combining sulfuric acid and sugar
Chemical Change
a change in which a substance becomes another substance having different properties
a change that is not reversible using ordinary physical means
Changes that usually cause heat, sound, light, odor, fizzing/foaming, color changes
You usually need more than one of the above characteristics to be considered a chemical change!
Examples
combining sulfuric acid and sugar
burning a piece of wood
soured milk

23. Chemical or Physical Change?
Bending a Paper Clip
Baking a cake
The sublimation of carbon dioxide
Crushing an aluminum can
Vinegar and baking soda combining to create salt and water
Physical Change
Chemical Change
Physical Change
Physical Change
Chemical Change

24. Why do you think the person’s weight is less on the moon?
Mass vs. Weight
Mass
a measure of how much matter an object is made of
does not change, regardless of where something or someone is
Weight
the force of gravity on an object
equal to the mass of the body times the local acceleration of gravity
Why do you think the person’s weight is less on the moon?
Mass = 59 kg
Mass = 59 kg
Weight = 579 N
Weight = 96 N

25. Element Element Song A pure substance made up of one kind of atom
cannot be broken down or separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means
Over 100 kinds of elements exist
90 occur naturally on Earth
25 were made by scientists in labs
Element Song

26. 5 Physical States of Matter
Bose-Einstein
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
(Newest State)

27. Bose-Einstein Condensate
Exist at extremely cold temperatures (around absolute zero or -460 oF)
Particles are super unexcited
Particles lock or “clump” together so firmly that they move as a single unit
Definite shape and volume (?)

28. Solid Particles are tightly compact
Particles vibrate without the ability to move freely
Definite shape and volume
Solid Animation

29. Liquid
Particles are tightly compact, but able to move around close to each other
No definite shape, but definite volume
Liquid Animation

30. Gas Particles can easily spread out or move close together
Particle move freely and with a lot of energy
No definite shape or volume
Gas Simulation

31. Plasma
Why do you think this is the most common form/state of matter in the universe?
Exist at extremely high temperatures (several million degrees Celsius)
Particles are broken apart
Particles move freely and with extremely high energy
This form is not too common on Earth, however it is the most common form of matter in the universe
No definite shape or volume?
Examples: Florescent and neon lights, lightning, aurora borealis

32. Energy and the States of Matter
The physical states of matter result from the amount of energy the particles composing the matter have. Basically, more energy means more movement for the particles and less energy means less movement.
Energy/Temperature and Matter Simulations
PhET
BEC: Temperature and Absolute Zero
If you were to compare an ice cube and the steam created
from boiling water, which would you think has more energy?

33. States of Matter Continuum
What about this continuum could
be considered a little misleading?
Taken from:

34. Density
a measure of the amount of matter present in a given volume of a substance
typically expressed in the following units:
grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) for solids
grams per milliliter (g/ml) for liquids
does not depend on how much of a substance you have (intrinsic property) – in other words, the density of a gold bar would be the same as the density of a gold flake
can change as temperature and pressure change
Which do you think
is more dense? Why?

35. Layering Liquids
Using a test-tube and the eyedroppers, try to layer the four different
colored liquids so that the colors don’t mix and show distinct layers.
Hold the test-tube in your hand at a 45 degree angle.
Using the eyedropper from one of the colors, slowly place the
liquid into the test-tube.
Repeat step two using the other three liquids until you get them
layered. Record the order of the colors.
If you don’t get clear separation of the colors, you should empty the
contents of the test tube down the drain and start again. These steps
may need to be repeated several times until you discover the correct
order of the colors.
*Placing white paper behind the straws will help you
see the divisions

36. Layering Liquids - Discussion
Were you capable of layering the four liquids? If so, what was the correct order from the bottom up?
What difficulties did you experience when performing this activity?
Why do you think the liquids created layers when putting them in the test tube in the correct order?
Because these liquids are miscible, or partially miscible, they did not really create distinct layers. What do you think it means to be miscible?

37. Calculating Density
Density can be calculated by dividing the mass of an object by its volume
Sample Problem
Timothy found a solid metal block
that has a mass of 100 grams and
a volume of 25 cm3. What would be
the density of the block?
D = m V
D = =
100 grams
4 grams
cm3
25 cm3

38. Practice Problems D = D = 27 g 3.86 grams cm3 7 cm3 20 grams
Find the density of a substance with a mass of 27 g and a volume of 7 cm3.
2. A block of maple has a mass of 20 grams and a volume of 26.5 cm3. What is the density of the block?
D = m V
27 g
3.86 grams
cm3
D = =
7 cm3
D = m V
20 grams
0.75 grams
cm3
D = =
26.5 cm3

39. The Density Triangle
V = m D
D = m V
m = D V . m . D V