1. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006 Philippe Farthouat, CERN Upgrade of LHC Detectors: Summary for ATLAS

2. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Presentation Overview Motivations and expected schedule Organisation of upgrade activities Main changes expected Upgrade of Inner Detector for SLHC Developments in Electronics for the Tracker Conclusions

3. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Super LHC Physics motivation Increased physics reach in most typical LHC physics channels It is not clear today if these improvements are absolutely crucial for new physics, or rather if they represent (gradually) better measurements and better exploitation of the LHC energy domain However, in either case upgrading the LHC seems very attractive and an obvious next step to plan for Pragmatic view The luminosity will increase as function of time at LHC, we will need to upgrade the detectors to take advantage of this Some parts of the detector systems might have performance problems or operational problems, and will therefore require interventions and improvements faster than foreseen today An impressive expertise about the construction has been accumulated and it is known today how to improve the detectors Improve the luminosity by a factor 10 : 10 34  10 35 cm -2 s -1

4. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN LHC Upgrade: Machine / Detector Interface The most relevant parameters for the detectors BCO interval: 25ns, 15ns, 12.5ns, 10ns (or 75ns) Forward area/beam pipe : Would like to move the closest machine element towards the IP Timescales : assume 2014±2 years Increased radiation levels (and resulting activation) : Need to improve shielding, moderators, access procedures, and safety in general – important constraint for any change considered Driven by this plot, but also by lifetime of IR quads 700 fb -1

5. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Starting points SLHC discussions in ATLAS Assumed luminosity L = 10 35 cm -2 s -1 Timescale upgrade to be finished in 2015 Less appealing aspects need to be taken into account from the very beginning Constraints from space for services, power consumption, installation scenarios, … Proper design of services Anti-magnetic Low mass Radiation hard Reliable We need to know more precisely the radiation background at the present LHC (especially for the muon system) Even though safety factors have been applied X5 for the muon spectrometer Much more for electronics

6. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Experience from the past: Path from TDR to Completion Conclusion from this: we should have TDR in 2008 Later would shift the completion date away from 2015 But 2008 is too early for getting sufficient data from LHC TDR will be later than 2008 The ID upgrade has to be done faster than the present ID was done Limited time for fundamental detector R&D Ref: talk of Tyndel at Genova tracker upgrade workshop http://agenda.cern.ch/fullAgenda.php?ida=a053875 01234567 TDR Parts (sensors, ASICs, Opto…) Modules Sub-assemblies Integration Commissioning Installation Pre-series Production

7. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Presentation Overview Motivations and expected schedule Organisation of upgrade activities Main changes expected Upgrade of Inner Detector for SLHC Developments in Electronics for the Tracker Conclusions

8. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Organisational structure High Luminosity Steering Group (HLSG) Since 2 years Activities on SLHC upgrade growing within ATLAS Addressed on ATLAS overview weeks since Sept 2004 Upgrade workshop (CERN) on February 13, 14, 2005 Tracker upgrade workshop (Genova) on 18 –20 July, 2005 Upgrade organisation: Project Office project office leader  deputy steering group chairperson project office engineer (sub)system project office engineers Project Office should technically guide the upgrade activities Conceptual design and R&D Prototyping Pre-series and construction Installation and commissioning Ref: https://edms.cern.ch/file/690177/1/Upgrade_Org_PO.doc

9. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Coordination of R&D activities Established lightweight procedure for R&D Does the proposal fit into the activity matrix? Scientific merit? Useful for ATLAS? Circulation to collaboration board More groups joining? Second discussion in HLSG Sufficient resources? Decision about recommendation by HLSG Several proposals issued so far Radiation test of opto devices Development of the stave model for silicon modules Read-out ASIC for the silicon tracker Dedicated high intensity test beam underway for 2006 and 2007 ATLAS would welcome joint R&D activities with other experiments (CMS) Optoelectronic RO including radiation- hardness qualification 130 nm or lower processes Way of selecting solutions after R&D to be defined Schedule must be defined clearly enough so that date of decision is known and agreed upon

10. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Presentation Overview Motivations and expected schedule Organisation of upgrade activities Main changes expected Upgrade of Inner Detector for SLHC Developments in Electronics for the Tracker Conclusions

11. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Areas with significant changes Parts of muon system LAr endcap calorimeter Complete Inner detector

12. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Possible BCO modification BCOs considered 10, 12.5,15, 25 and 75 ns Muon system Muon drift tubes (MDT): performance OK at these rates Cathode strip chambers (CSC): assessment needed Resistive plate chambers (RPC): performance OK at these rates Thin gap chambers (TGC): collection time too long for <25 ns  no good bunch ID Calorimetry LAr: in case of BCO other than 25 ns  need for modification of back-end electronics Trigger/DAQ LVL1 need to be changed 12.5 ns will require significant modification on electronics 15 ns requires significant additional amount of work and costs for electronics modification (FE), but possible 10 ns in addition we (might) get problems with the intrinsic resolutions for part of the muon system Need for decision on BCO for SLHC (impact on electronics)

13. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Muon system No major upgrade expected but Expected hit rate at 10 35 100 – 1000 Hz/cm 2 High rate degradation expected on Position resolution Efficiency (800 ns artificial dead time) Ref: talk of Kawamoto at the CERN upgrade workshop http://agenda.cern.ch/fullAgenda.php?ida=a045387

14. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Pileup in LAr Calorimeter (1) Shaper : optimizes signal to noise ratio between electronics noise and pileup noise Differentiation to Remove long trailing edge of Lar signal Electronics : ENI = A/t p 3/2 + B/√t p Pileup : ENE = C√t p Vary with location and luminosity… Pileup at 10 35

15. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Pileup in LAr Calorimeter (2) Digital filtering to adapt to luminosity [NIM A338, LArg-080] Slow down or accelerate shaping to adapt from 10 33 to 10 35 Runs without any change at 10 35 … 2 sets of optimal filtering coefficients if operated at 80MHz Increased sensitivity to detector parasitics (inductance) : affects constant term A = (0.17, 0.34, 0.4, 0.31, 0.28) A = (-0.75, 0.47, 0.75, 0.07, -0.19) ATLAS LAr signal Slower Digital Filtering Faster Digital Filtering Noise after digital filtering Noise with optimal analog filtering Max Noise Ref: talk of De la Taille at the CERN upgrade workshop http://agenda.cern.ch/fullAgenda.php?ida=a045387

16. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Impact of BCO on LAr Calorimeter TTC electronics in the front- end Any deviation from 40 MHz would require replacement of components (crystals / QPLL)  substantial work Read-out links speed limited to 32-bit/40 MHz Any BCO frequency > 40 MHz would lead to combining several crossings in one data sample Extra processing power necessary to disentangle them  change of back-end electronics

17. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Presentation Overview Motivations and expected schedule Organisation of upgrade activities Main changes expected Upgrade of Inner Detector for SLHC Developments in Electronics for the Tracker Conclusions

18. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Upgrade of Inner Detector Present technologies Gaseous straws for 50 <R< 80 cm (TRT) Silicon strips (6 – 12 cm long) for 20 <R< 50 cm (SCT) Pixels (50 x 400 µm) for 6 <R< 20 cm (SCT)

19. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Initial tracking idea for SLHC Overall concept: all silicon tracker Replace TRT by long silicon strips SCT by short silicon strips Pixel tracker by smaller silicon pixels Several ideas being developed now, no final decision made yet

20. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN One possible upgraded ID Make barrel longer (reducing material services between barrel and endcaps) Ref: talk of Allport at Genova tracker upgrade workshop http://agenda.cern.ch/fullAgenda.php?ida=a053875 Straw man layout: Pixel: z=±50 cm, r=6,15,24 cm 50 x 400 & 50x300 µm 2 Mini Strips: z=±144 cm, r=35,48,62 cm axial 50µm x 3 cm Long Strips: z=±144 cm, r=85 & 105 cm stereo 80µm x 9 cm Including fwd disks this would lead to: Pixels: 4.5 m 2 ~300,000,000 ch. Short strips: 40 m 2 ~27,000,000 ch. Long strips: 251 m 2 ~15,000,000 ch.

21. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN ID subdivison and SLHC dose PixelsMax. annual dose10 years + 50% margin r=6 cm ~210 15 n eq /cm 2 ~310 16 n eq /cm 2 r= 15 cm ~410 14 n eq /cm 2 ~610 15 n eq /cm 2 r= 24 cm ~2.510 14 n eq /cm 2 ~410 15 n eq /cm 2 Short stripsMax. annual dose 10 years + 50% margin Endcap r=35-80 cm z=150-300 cm ~1.310 14 n eq /cm 2 ~210 15 n eq /cm 2 Barrel r= 35 cm ~1.410 14 n eq /cm 2 ~2.110 15 n eq /cm 2 r= 48 cm ~110 14 n eq /cm 2 ~1.510 15 n eq /cm 2 r= 62 cm ~810 13 n eq /cm 2 ~1.210 15 n eq /cm 2 Long stripsMax. annual dose10 years + 50% margin Endcap r= 80-100 cm z= 150-300 cm ~110 14 n eq /cm 2 ~1.510 15 n eq /cm 2 Barrel r= 84 cm ~610 13 n eq /cm 2 ~910 14 n eq /cm 2 r= 105 cm ~510 13 n eq /cm 2 ~7.510 14 n eq /cm 2 Ref: talk of Allport at Genova tracker upgrade workshop http://agenda.cern.ch/fullAgenda.php?ida=a053875 Ref: talk of Vossebeld at RD50 workshop Nov 2005 http://rd50.web.cern.ch/rd50/7th%2DWorkshop/

22. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Development “stave model” SCT barrel module Ref: talk of Allport at Genova tracker upgrade workshop http://agenda.cern.ch/fullAgenda.php?ida=a053875 Stave model Multi-module structure for barrel Integrated services First approach Starting with ministrips (3 cm) Hybrid configuration like in present SCT barrel module

23. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Alternative stave model Integrated services Peek cooling channels with CF cooling Operating at < -25 °C (strips) and -30 °C (microstrips, pixels) Also power and control lines integrated  power interface and bus drivers needed R&D proposal issued https://edms.cern.ch/document/713247/1 Ref: talk of Haber at Genova tracker upgrade workshop http://agenda.cern.ch/fullAgenda.php?ida=a053875 http://agenda.cern.ch/fullAgenda.php?ida=a053875

24. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Detector R&D for R< 20 cm 3D sensor development Fast charge collection Lower V depl But higher capacity Radhardness considerably better than standard silicon Until now fabricated on a small scale in house (Stanford) Yield now 80% Arrangements for commercial production at SINTEF (still in early state) 0 20 40 60 80 100 05 10 15 1 10 16 1.5 10 16 2 10 16 Signal efficiency [%] Fluence [n/cm 2 ] 0 8 10 15 1.6 10 16 2.4 10 16 3.2 10 16 Fluence p/cm 2 3D silicon C. DaVia et al. March 06 n-on-p strips P. Allport et al. IEEE TNS 52 (2005) 1903 n-on-n pixels CMS T. Rohe et al. NIMA 552(2005)232-238 3Dc PRELIMINARY Ref: Cinzia Da Via 3x10 15 p/cm 2 10 years LHC at 10 34 cm -2 s -1 At r=4cm 1.8x10 16 p/cm 2 10 years SLHC at 10 35 cm -2 s -1 At r=4cm Ref: talk of Parker at Genova tracker upgrade workshop http://agenda.cern.ch/fullAgenda.php?ida=a053875

25. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Presentation Overview Motivations and expected schedule Organisation of upgrade activities Main changes expected Upgrade of Inner Detector for SLHC Developments in Electronics for the tracker Conclusions

26. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Electronics for the Tracker Power distribution Read-out Links Front-end electronics Three domains of activity

27. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Services Services in the current detector are a real pain

28. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Power Distribution The number of channels in the tracker is going to increase The electronics technology will need less power but not less current What is a pain today will be an unsolvable problem Two alternatives looked at DC-DC converters Serial powering Source: 9/2002 GEANT-4 simulation by D. Constanzo Pixel detector material budget

29. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN DC-DC Convertors On-going development of switched capacitor converters Conversion Ratio 5-to-1, using a 0.35 µm technology, at an operating frequency of 5Mhz Voltage efficiency ~.84 Current efficiency ~.92 Ripple = 1.2% Output impedance = 0.25 ohms (25mv / 100ma) Ref: talk of Ely at Genova tracker upgrade workshop http://agenda.cern.ch/fullAgenda.php?ida=a053875

30. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Serial Powering Currently used Parallel Powering: Idea of Serial Powering: Modules Powerlines constant voltage Modules TWO powerlines constant current 10V 7.5V 5V 2.5V 0V

31. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Basic principle: Constant current through all modules Voltages generated on FE chip by Shunt regulators Linear regulators Serial Powering (cont.) on chip ShuntReg LinReg FE chip FE core Shunt regulator Linear regulator Shunt regulator Linear regulator FE core FE core FE core

32. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Serial Powering (cont.) Tests done with SCT (4 modules) and Pixel (6 modules) have shown no effect on noise Still a lot of issues to be looked at Loss of a regulator Floating modules AC coupled or optics read-out Ref: talks of Weber and Grosse-Knetter at Genova tracker upgrade workshop http://agenda.cern.ch/fullAgenda.php?ida=a053875

33. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Read-out Links In the current tracker there are 3 types of read-out links Two optical links at 40 and 80 Mbits/s for SCT and Pixel 40 Mbits/s copper links and Gbit optical link for the TRT Strong wish to define at least common building blocks and opto-packages First questions: Which read-out architecture? Which speed?

34. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Straw Man Lay-out Expected data rate at SLHC A few Gbit/s look OK Read-out architecture to be looked at to find common building blocks # modules/ hybrids # stavesData rate / hybrid-module Data rate / stave Pixel B-Layer40024640 Mbits/s10 Gbits/s Outer 196060240 Mbits/s4 Gbits/s Outer 21600100240 Mbits/s4 Gbits/s Mini Strips Mini 114406035 Mbits/s840 Mbits/s Mini 219208035 Mbits/s840 Mbits/s Mini 3249610435 Mbits/s840 Mbits/s Long strips Long 196012041 Mbits/s330 Mbits/s Long 2120015041 Mbits/s330 Mbits/s

35. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Opto-Links: Current activity One R&D project presented and approved https://edms.cern.ch/document/694105/1.05 Radiation testing of existing devices and of COTS Include VCSELs, PIN Diodes and also serialisers Strong wish to collaborate actively with CMS Common forum put in place Ref: talk of at Genova tracker upgrade workshop http://agenda.cern.ch/fullAgenda.php?ida=a053875 http://agenda.cern.ch/fullAgenda.php?ida=a053875

36. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Front-end electronics Need to follow technology trends Radiation hardness is a key issue Strong interest in very deep sub-micron technologies Development of a pixel read-out chip already started Could be used for the B-Layer replacement Production to be done in 2010 for an installation in 2012 Ref: talk of Einsweiler at Genova tracker upgrade workshop http://agenda.cern.ch/fullAgenda.php?ida=a053875

37. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Silicon Strip Read-out R&D proposal: development of a CMOS 0.25 read-out chip (ABC- Next) compatible with the existing one (ABCD) to prepare a design of the front-end ASIC in deep submicron radiation tolerant technology to implement functional blocks and circuit options required for new designs of modules and staves being developed for the upgrade Inner Detector Fully compatible with existing read-out system To be used for testing detector and architecture choices: Able to accept both signal polarity Implementation of on-chip power regulation systems to enable the design of detector modules powered through DC-DC converter or serial powering schema Faster read-out capability DC balanced protocols for possible AC coupling Tools for capability of concentrating several read-out links on a Gbit serialiser Ref: R&D proposal https://edms.cern.ch/document/713247/1

38. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN ABC-Next Proposal Design in 2006 To be used on stave prototypes as from 2007 ABC-Next Block Diagram Shunt and Linear regulators to be included

39. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Next steps for the strips read-out ABC-Next in 0.13 CMOS technology Year 1 is (should be) 2006

40. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN SiGe Option Interest for the SiGe option Main motivation being the possible power saving at the preamplifier stage J. Kaplon et al., 2004 IEEE Rome Oct 2004, use 0.25  m CMOS For CMOS: Input transistor: 300  A, other transistors 330  A (each 20 – 90  A)

41. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN SiGe Benefit CHIP TECHNOLOGY FEATURE 0.25  m CMOS ABCDS/FE J. Kaplon et al., (IEEE Rome Oct 2004) IBM enhanced 5HP SiGe Power: Bias for all but front transistor 330  A 0.8 mW 8*5  A = 40  A (conservative) 0.1 mW Power: Front bias for 25 pF load 300  A 0.75 mW 150  A 0.375 mW Power: Front bias for 7 pF load 120  A 0.3 mW  A 0.13 mW Total Power (7 pF) 2x10 15 0.48 mW Total Power (25 pF) 3x10 14 1.1 mW 1.5 mW 0.23mW Ref: talk of Grillo at Genova tracker upgrade workshop http://agenda.cern.ch/fullAgenda.php?ida=a053875 http://agenda.cern.ch/fullAgenda.php?ida=a053875 Ned Spencer’s talk this week Cost and yield (for large area chips) may be a problem

42. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Summary of Developments On-going developments or tests Serial powering DC-DC converters Pixel front-end chip in 0.13 CMOS Strip front-end in SiGe “Official” R&D proposal Radiation hardness of existing links components (approved) Stave development (being reviewed) ABC-Next read-out chip (being reviewed)

43. FEE2006 Perugia May 2006Philippe Farthouat, CERN Conclusions ATLAS upgrade activities have been started up Aim for completion: 2015 The R&D and development phase must be faster than in the past Selection process to be defined and agreed upon Schedule is a key element Major activity is the replacement of the complete Inner Detector Other sub-detectors require less dramatic changes Big number of silicon strip modules (20k vs 4k now) Electronics R&D in power distribution, read-out links and front-end designs