1. Scientific goals of Phobos samples laboratory studies (Phobos-soil program) Eric M. Galimov, Yuri A. Kostitsyn V.I. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry (GEOKHI) RAS 13 October 2010

2. Phobos and Mars Data from Phobos-2 SC, 1989 Phobos image from Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter space craft, 23 March 2008 What do we know about Phobos? 27×22×19 km mass 1.082×10 14 g spec.gravity ~1.85 g/cm 3

3. Our questions to Phobos 10.04.2008 NASA Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars?

4. Oxygen isotopic composition of Moon and Earth is the same in terms of  17 O value. Moon data scatters along Terrestrial Fractionation Line (TFL) with a slope ≈0.52 Martian meteorites data (SNC) are located above TFL by 0.3‰ of  17 O CAI and carbonaceous chondrites data are scattered along line with a slope ≈1 Are Phobos and Mars identical in oxygen isotopic composition?

5. SIMS Cameca-1280 18 O/ 17 O/ 16 O: 1 = 0.05 ‰ for spot size ~15 

6. It is very likely, that SNC- meteorites (Shergottites, Nakhlites and Shassignites) – are samples of Martian magmatic rocks Yu.A.Shukoliukov, 1991 M gas /M body

7. Our questions to Phobos Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? How primitive is Phobos material? Phobos=CI? How primitive is Phobos material? Phobos=CI?

8. T=4.56 Ga Sm/Nd=0.325 147 Sm  143 Nd Kostitsyn, 2004

9. M.Boyet, R.W.Carlson. Science. 2005. Vol.309. P.576-581. 146 Sm  142 Nd Chondrites: Sm/Nd=0.325 ( Jacobsen&Wasserburg, 1980 ) Earth: Sm/Nd=0.350 ( Kostitsyn, 2004 ) SNC: Sm/Nd≈0.340 ( Caro et al., 2008 ) Phobos: Sm/Nd = ?

10. Our questions to Phobos Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? How primitive is Phobos material? Phobos=CI? Does it contain some relict components? Does it contain some relict components?

11. Birck, 2004 Ca Ti CrNi Isotopic anomalies in the earliest minerals – Ca-Al inclusions (CAI) of Allende chondrite

12. Isotopic anomalies in SiC and graphite grains of carbonaceous chondrite Murchison (CM2) Mo Xe BaNd Birck, 2004

13. Cameca Nano-SIMS 50L 18 O/ 17 O/ 16 O: 1 = 0.5 – 1.5 ‰ For spot 10 × 10  Minimal spot size 50 × 50 nm

14. Our questions to Phobos Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? How primitive is Phobos material? Phobos=CI? Does it contain some relict components? What types of processes could alter Phobos’ material? What types of processes could alter Phobos’ material?

15. Our questions to Phobos Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? How primitive is Phobos material? Phobos=CI? Does it contain some relict components? What types of processes could alter Phobos’ material? What types of processes could alter Phobos’ material? Events chronology on Phobos: Long-living (Sm- Nd, U-Pb, Rb-Sr, K-Ar, Lu-Hf, Re-Os) and short- living isotopic systems Events chronology on Phobos: Long-living (Sm- Nd, U-Pb, Rb-Sr, K-Ar, Lu-Hf, Re-Os) and short- living isotopic systems

16. Short-living nuclides in the Sun system ParentDaughter T 1/2, Ma Initial ratios Source 10 Be 10 B 1.5 10 Be/ 9 Be=9×10 − 4 McKeegan et al. 2000 26 Al 26 Mg 0.73 26 Al/ 27 Al=5.1×10 − 5 Lee et al. 1977 41 Ca 41 K 0.1 41 Ca/ 40 Ca=1.4×10 − 8 Sahijpal et al. 1998 53 Mn 53 Cr 3.7 53 Mn/ 55 Mn=4.4×10 − 5 Birck and Allegre 1985 60 Fe 60 Ni 1.5 60 Fe/ 56 Fe≈1.5×10 − 6 Birck and Lugmair 1988 92 Nb 92 Zr 36 92 Nb/ 93 Nb≈1×10 − 5 Schönbächler et al. 2002 107 Pd 107 Ag 6.5 107 Pd/ 108 Pd=2.4×10 − 5 Chen and Wasserburg 1990 129 I 129 Xe 16 129 I/ 127 I≈1×10 − 4 Reynolds 1963 146 Sm 142 Nd 103 146 Sm/ 144 Sm≈0.005–0.015 Lugmair et al. 1983; Prinzhofer et al. 1989 182 Hf 182 W 9.4 182 Hf/ 180 Hf≈1×10 − 4 Yin et al. 2002 244 Pu ,SF 81 244 Pu/ 238 U≈0.004–0.007 Rowe and Kuroda 1965

17. 53 Mn – 53 Cr Shukoliukov, Lugmair, 2004 (HED) (SNC) Phobos?

18. Our questions to Phobos Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? How primitive is Phobos material? Phobos=CI? Does it contain some relict components? What types of processes could alter Phobos’ material? Events chronology on Phobos Is there organic material on Phobos? Is there organic material on Phobos?

19. N CH N C NH 2 C C N CH N C C O C C H OHOH H HH CO PO H H OH O POPOH O OH OH O Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Adenine Ribose Phosphates

20. Main directions of Phobos samples laboratory treatment

21. Physical, petrographic and mineralogical studies Preliminary diagnostic of obtained material, assessment of its mass; physical, granulometric features, phase composition. Techniques and equipment: Preliminary diagnostic of obtained material, assessment of its mass; physical, granulometric features, phase composition. Techniques and equipment: Optical microscopesOptical microscopes X-ray difractometerX-ray difractometer Scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive spectroscopy detector (EDS) and electron backscattered diffraction detector (EBSD)Scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive spectroscopy detector (EDS) and electron backscattered diffraction detector (EBSD) Samples preparation to various types of analysis: thin sections, polished section, defragmentation, mineral isolation, etc. Techniques and equipment: Samples preparation to various types of analysis: thin sections, polished section, defragmentation, mineral isolation, etc. Techniques and equipment: SelFrag-Lab - high-voltage pulses selective fragmentationSelFrag-Lab - high-voltage pulses selective fragmentation

22. Chemical analysis In-situ techniques (almost non-destructive) In-situ techniques (almost non-destructive) X-ray microprobeX-ray microprobe Electron microscopy with energy-dispersive detectorElectron microscopy with energy-dispersive detector Secondary ion mass-spectrometry (SIMS)Secondary ion mass-spectrometry (SIMS) Laser ablation with inductively coupled plasma mass- spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)Laser ablation with inductively coupled plasma mass- spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) Destructive techniques (application depends from quantity of obtained material) Destructive techniques (application depends from quantity of obtained material) Using powdered samples (XRF, INNA)Using powdered samples (XRF, INNA) Using samples solutions (ICP-MS, ICP-AES, AAS)Using samples solutions (ICP-MS, ICP-AES, AAS) Using vacuum heating or crushing (gas mass-spectrometry including noble gas analysis)Using vacuum heating or crushing (gas mass-spectrometry including noble gas analysis)

23. Isotopic studies Stable isotope variations H, O, C, N, S, Fe, Cr (MAT-253 with sample preparation systems, MC-ICP-MS Neptune) Stable isotope variations H, O, C, N, S, Fe, Cr (MAT-253 with sample preparation systems, MC-ICP-MS Neptune) Long-living decay systems: U-Th-Pb, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, Lu-Hf, Re-Pt-Os, K-Ar (Triton, Neptune, ARGUS) Long-living decay systems: U-Th-Pb, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, Lu-Hf, Re-Pt-Os, K-Ar (Triton, Neptune, ARGUS) Short-living decay systems: 26 Al- 26 Mg, 182 Hf- 182 W, 53 Mn- 53 Cr, 129 I- 129 Xe, 244 Pu- 136 Xe (Neptune, HELIX) Short-living decay systems: 26 Al- 26 Mg, 182 Hf- 182 W, 53 Mn- 53 Cr, 129 I- 129 Xe, 244 Pu- 136 Xe (Neptune, HELIX) Organic matter studies Organic molecules composition and structure (HPLC/HRMS Exactive with extraction systems) Organic molecules composition and structure (HPLC/HRMS Exactive with extraction systems) Isotopic composition of organic matter: H, O, C, N, S (MAT- 253 and sample preparation systems) Isotopic composition of organic matter: H, O, C, N, S (MAT- 253 and sample preparation systems)

24. Our questions to Phobos Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? How primitive is Phobos material? Phobos=CI? How primitive is Phobos material? Phobos=CI? Does it contain some relict components? Does it contain some relict components? What types of processes could alter Phobos’ material? What types of processes could alter Phobos’ material? Events chronology on Phobos Events chronology on Phobos Is there organic material on Phobos? Is there organic material on Phobos?

25. Thank you