1. Lecture schedule…continued
S.Leys ESB 1-58 ph ;
Lecture schedule…continued
Mar. 1 Estuaries, salt-marshes and mangroves ARP 12:
3 Open Oceans: Adaptations SPL 13: , 15:
8 Open Oceans: Feeding, mating SPL 15:
10 Arctic vs Antarctic Community Ian Stirling (CWS)
15 Marine Mammals SPL 15:
17 Deep sea 1: Adaptations (SP) 13:390, 16:
22 Deep sea 2: Hydrothermal vent SPL 16:
24 Sponge reefs SPL 4:
29 Coral reefs 1: SPL 3: , 16:
31 Coral reefs 2: Ecological interactions SPL 16:
Apr. 5 Marine life history strategies SPL 13: , 16:
7 Marine Resources, Fisheries SPL 17:
12 Environmental concerns 1: SPL 18:
14 Environmental concerns 2: SPL 18:
28 Final Examination (0900) 60% of mark (ALL students in gymnasium)
May 4 Deferred final exam* (0900, BioSciences Z211)

2. Classification of Living Things
Kingdom
Phylum (Division)
Class
Order
Family
Genus Species
e.g.
Animalia
Chordata
Vertebrata
Mammalia
Cetacea
Delphinidae
Orcinus orca

3. Classification of Marine Organisms
Neritic
Oceanic
Fig 13.9

4. Neritic
Oceanic
Biozone
Epipelagic
Mesopelagic
Bathypelagic
Abyssopelagic
Fig 13.9

5. Neritic
Oceanic
Sunlight zone
Euphotic
Disphotic
Aphotic
Fig 13.9

6. Temperature ranges
Eurythermal
Stenothermal
Fig 13-11

7. Temperature tolerances
Eurythermal
Shallow coastal water
Open ocean, surface
Stenothermal
Open ocean, deeper
Cooler water organisms tend to have smaller, fewer appendages, fewer species, and live longer

8. Oxygen variation with depth
Figure 13.20

9. Light penetration
Fig 14-5
Euphotic zone

10. Deep scattering layer
Box 13-1
Fig 13 A

11. 9 am 7 am 7 pm 5 pm Sonar of the Deep Scattering Layer Night Morning
Day
Evening

12. Plankton – drifts with ocean currents
Nekton – swim actively
Zooplankton
& Nekton
Phytoplankton
Bacterioplankton

13. Zooplankton Cnidaria Gastropod mollusc Urochordata Chaetognaths
Ctenophora
Cnidaria
Gastropod
mollusc
Urochordata
Pyrosoma
Chaetognaths
Arthropoda
Crustacea

14. Image from text, T&T
Inside back cover

15. Floatation - shape Cestus - ctenophore Fig 15-8
Ctenes – rows of macro cilia

16. Floatation - shape
e.g. Copepods (crustacean arthropods)
Fig 15-5

17. Floatation – oil droplets
Nectophore
= bell with
float
Cl. Hydrozoa: Siphonophore
Muggiaea
Individual
= zooid
Feeding
zooid

18. Floatation – gas chambers
Vellela vellela (by the wind sailor)
Cl. Hydrozoa: Chondrophora

19. Floatation – gas chambers
Physalia
(portugese man of war)
Cl. Hydrozoa, Siphonophore
Fig 15-7

20. Janthina – gastropod mollusc Floatation – gas chambers
Float of air bubbles

21. Floatation – gas chambers
Nautilus
Fig 15-1

22. Buoyancy compensation in Nautilus
Siphuncle
shell
animal

23. Transparency
Provides camouflage
Involves the whole organism
Has evolved multiple times

24. The outcome of a predator/prey interaction depends on:
Sighting distance = the maximum distance at which a prey animal is detected by an animal relying on visual cues
Transparency allows:
Prey with short sighting distance reduce their encounters with visually orienting predators
Ambush predators with short sighting distance to increase chances of entangling prey before being detected and avoided
c) Raptors to get within striking distance before being detected

25. Predator solutions to catching transparent prey…
UV (~320nm)
Predator solutions to catching transparent prey…
UV vision
found in mantis shrimp, cladocerans, copepods, decapods, horseshoe crabs, and even a polychaete worm!
2. Polarization vision
light is polarized when it enters water

26. Unpolarized light Polarized light

27. The Great Barrier Reef taken through a polarizing filter held in front of the camera horizontally, vertically, and at 45º.
The fourth image is coded with color to show that much of the water is horizontally polarized (coded here as red).
By Justin Marshall and Tom Cronin

28. Polarized vision – view of a copepod through…
unpolarized light
polarized light

29. Polarization vision helps detect transparent prey
Shashar, Hanlon, Petz, Nature 1998,