1. Chapter 7 Marine Animals sans Backbone

2. Where are we in geologic time? So are, we’ve moved from bacteria to plankton, and through some alage (seeweed). Now we’ll examine primative animals without vertebrae.

3. How are we related??

4. Introduction Most (97%) of the amazing life which is located within the oceans, or anywhere else, doesn’t have a backbone!Most (97%) of the amazing life which is located within the oceans, or anywhere else, doesn’t have a backbone! In every class of invertebrate we can find a marine example…convenient, eh?In every class of invertebrate we can find a marine example…convenient, eh?

5. Summary of Invertebrates Sponges-spongeSponges-sponge Cnidarians- “jellyfish”Cnidarians- “jellyfish” Comb Jellies- comb jelliesComb Jellies- comb jellies Symmetrical Worms-flat, round, segmented wormsSymmetrical Worms-flat, round, segmented worms Molluscs-snails, clams, oysters, scallops, octopusesMolluscs-snails, clams, oysters, scallops, octopuses Arthropods-copepods, shrimp, and lobsterArthropods-copepods, shrimp, and lobster Echinoderms- seastars, brittlestarsEchinoderms- seastars, brittlestars Chordates-seasquirtsChordates-seasquirts

6. COPY Sponges Sponges are really nothing but a loose aggregation of specialized cells.Sponges are really nothing but a loose aggregation of specialized cells. Of the 6,000 known spp. nearly all are marine.Of the 6,000 known spp. nearly all are marine. Amazingly enough, these cells don’t actually form organs, but do serve similar functions, keeping the animal(s) alive.Amazingly enough, these cells don’t actually form organs, but do serve similar functions, keeping the animal(s) alive. James Fatherree

7. COPY Porifera-Sponges (the pore bearers) COPY Spicules are like calcium carbonate or silica re-bar for sponges, providing support for a larger congregation.

8. Sponges Do they “sits and thinks, or do they just sits??”Do they “sits and thinks, or do they just sits??” COPY Sponges are sessile and remain permanately attached to the substrate they alight upon.COPY Sponges are sessile and remain permanately attached to the substrate they alight upon.

9. Still, if you carve ‘em up, they come back for more!! It’s more amazing than that. If you mix groups of sponges together, they will usually reorganize into their original groups.

10. COPY Suspension feeding: natural water purification: Feeding on particulate organic matter suspended in water

11. Reproduction: Asexual vs. sexual COPY Reproduction: Damage to a sponge can actually promote asexual reproduction, as “parts” can land elsewhere and form new sponges.

12. COPY Sexual reproduction Many sponges are Many sponges are hermaphrodites, containing hermaphrodites, containing male and female reproductive male and female reproductive capabilities, yet do not self- capabilities, yet do not self- fertilize. fertilize. Tube sponges, such as thisTube sponges, such as this Verongia archeri which is Verongia archeri which is common in Caribbean waters common in Caribbean waters use broadcast spawning to use broadcast spawning to disperse sperm and eggs in disperse sperm and eggs in a flurry of activity that is a flurry of activity that is often coordinated with lunar often coordinated with lunar cycles. cycles.

13. General Sponge Types Sponges fall into several basic categories, mostly depending on shape:branchingtubularroundencrustingglass boring (destructive) Hawaiian encrusting sponge Sclerosponge (CaCO 3 ) Ceratoporella nicholsoni Harvested sponges

14. Cnidarians Sea anemones, jellyfishes, coral, etc.

15. COPY Cnidarians Finally, we see a pie that can be sliced!Finally, we see a pie that can be sliced! COPY Cnidarians actually exhibit radial symmetryCOPY Cnidarians actually exhibit radial symmetry in which similar body parts can be grouped around a central axis. in which similar body parts can be grouped around a central axis. COPY Here we also observe a large jump on the evolutionary scale: tissues that perform specific functions.COPY Here we also observe a large jump on the evolutionary scale: tissues that perform specific functions.

16. COPY General Cnidarian Structure and Function Centrally located mouthCentrally located mouth Oral surface (mouth)Oral surface (mouth) Aboral surface (opposite end)Aboral surface (opposite end) TentaclesTentacles GutGut Nematocysts (cnidae)!Nematocysts (cnidae)! Polyp and Medusa: reproductivePolyp and Medusa: reproductive stages stages Beautiful, but deadly! This colonial hydrozoan still contains cnidae. Macrorhynchia phillipina

17. COPY Discharged nematocysts, stingingcells used for defense and prey capture, have been the plague of more than fish. Stings from certain jellyfish have resulted in death in a matter of hours, especially for infants.

18. Irukandji syndrome: A sting from this little guy can cause the following: “It begins with a mild sting, followed by severe lower back pain, muscle cramps in arms, legs, stomach and chest. It causes sweating, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, headaches and palpitations, and has also been known to cause cardiac failure.” Carukia barnesi: the badest of the bad!

19. COPY Cnidarians 1. Polyp: a sac-like attached stage with a mouth and tentacles (mostly sessile) 2. Medusa: a mobile bell-like upside down polyp (jellyfish).

20. Cnidarians

21. COPY Types of Cnidaria Sea fan Cnidaria come in all shapes and sizes. Hydrozoans- feathey hydroidsHydrozoans- feathey hydroids Siphonophores- man-o-warSiphonophores- man-o-war Scyphozoans- large jellyfishScyphozoans- large jellyfish Anthozoan-sea anemones and coralAnthozoan-sea anemones and coral Most of the animals found within CnidariaMost of the animals found within Cnidaria are all carnivores. are all carnivores. multiple comb jellies

22. Comb jellies: Ctenophora Similar to cnidarians in most respects. Nearly 100 spp. Contain cilliary combs which assist in prey capture and mobility.

23. COPY Marine Worms, etc. Marine worms, and organisms hereafter, kick it up a notch exhibiting bilateral symmetry (just like humans).Marine worms, and organisms hereafter, kick it up a notch exhibiting bilateral symmetry (just like humans). Instead of addressing front and back, we’ll discuss anterior, posterior, dorsal and ventral.Instead of addressing front and back, we’ll discuss anterior, posterior, dorsal and ventral. We’ll also pick up a CNS!We’ll also pick up a CNS! Bilateral symmetry, and all that goes with it, results in enhanced motion and sophisticated behaviors.Bilateral symmetry, and all that goes with it, results in enhanced motion and sophisticated behaviors.

24. COPY Flatworms: Platyhelminthes These simple organismsThese simple organisms contain organs and contain organs and systems. systems. Nearly 20,000 spp. existNearly 20,000 spp. exist The most common areThe most common are turbellarians, like this turbellarians, like this Pseudoiceros gratus from Pseudoiceros gratus from the Great Barrier Reef (lower the Great Barrier Reef (lower right.) right.) About 6,000 spp. are parasitic, ex.About 6,000 spp. are parasitic, ex. flukes (trematodes) and flukes (trematodes) and tapeworms (cestodes) tapeworms (cestodes) (Steve Irwin would be proud ‘cause “She’s a beauty!”) ‘cause “She’s a beauty!”)

25. COPY Ribbon worms look like tapeworms. However, they exhibit a complete digestive tract and a circulatory system. ~900 spp. exist

26. COPY Nematode Roundworm numbers are staggering in the marine world.Roundworm numbers are staggering in the marine world. Many animals have them.Many animals have them. Some even find there way into fish (which we ingest when we eat sashimi).Some even find there way into fish (which we ingest when we eat sashimi).

27. COPY Segmented Worms 20,000 spp.20,000 spp. Known as AnnelidsKnown as Annelids First example of segmentation.First example of segmentation. Allows for flexability and excellent burrowing ability.Allows for flexability and excellent burrowing ability.

28. COPY Polycheates-many bristles (setae) ~10,000 spp. Exhibit parapodia Evolution of gills. Fireworm Hermodice carunculata

29. Sandworm Nereis

30. This feather-duster worm, Sabella melanostigma, is a perfect example of beauty, form and function.

31. Next time… Gastropods, Molluscs, and ArthropodsGastropods, Molluscs, and Arthropods