1. Key Concept 5.1 INDUSTRIALISM AND GLOBAL CAPITALISM

2.  Industrialization fundamentally altered the production of goods around the world. It not only changed how goods were produced and consumed, as well as what was considered a “good,” but it also had far-reaching effects on the global economy, social relations, and culture. Although it is common to speak of an “Industrial Revolution,” the process of industrialization was a gradual one that unfolded over the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, eventually becoming global. KEY CONCEPT 5.1

3.  Flying Shuttle- weave cloth 2x as fast as a person  Need more thread  spinning jenny- could spin 8 spindles of thread at once  Spinning jenny still needed highly skilled laborers  Water frame- low skill needed, stronger thread, faster  Raw cotton separated using the cotton gin  This created the factory system (1) TEXTILE INDUSTRY

4.  The Industrial Revolution was one of the most significant elements of Europe’s modern transformation  Initial period 1750-1900  Drew on the Scientific Revolution  Utterly transformed European society  Pushed Europe into a position of global dominance  Was more fundamental than any breakthrough since the Agricultural Revolution  Where are we now?  Beginning of a movement leading to worldwide industrialization?  Stuck in the middle of a world permanently divided between rich and poor countries?  Approaching the end of an environmentally unsustainable industrial era? INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

5.  Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced  But how did we get to that point? KEY CONCEPT 5.1 I

6.  Europe’s location on the Atlantic Ocean (2) FACTORS THAT LED TO INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

7.  Geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber (3-5) FACTORS THAT LED TO INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

8.  European demographic changes (6)  England:  Guilds largely disappeared  Growing population  Aristocrats interested in commerce  British worldwide commerce already  Politics encouraged commercialization and economic innovation  Religious tolerance  Tariffs  Easy to form companies and forbid workers’ unions  Unified internal market  Patent laws  Checks on royal authority FACTORS THAT LED TO INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

9.  Urbanization/Private Property (7/9)  Enclosure Movement  Improved agricultural practices FACTORS THAT LED TO INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

10. Food prices low Freed up labor Crop rotation Selective breeding of animals Lighter plows Higher- yielding seeds FACTORS THAT LED TO INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (8)

11.  Abundance of Rivers and Canals (10)  Unified internal markets FACTORS THAT LED TO INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

12.  Access to foreign markets (11) FACTORS THAT LED TO INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

13.  The accumulation of capital (12)  Entrepreneurs combined capital, raw materials, labor and ideas to make profit FACTORS THAT LED TO INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

14.  The development of machines made it possible to exploit vast new resources  Machines  Steam engine (13)  Internal combustion engine (14)  Fossil Fuel energy (15)  Oil  Coal MACHINES

15.  Biological “old regime”- human/animal power; burning biomass (wood/wax)  Biological “new regime”- fossil fuels- coal/oil/gas  Deforestation in England led to greater use of coal  Steam Power made it possible to exploit the energy stored in the fossil fuels  Greatly increased the energy available to human societies NEW SOURCES OF ENERGY

16.  Concentrates production in one place (materials, labor) (16)  Located near the sources of power (rather than labor or markets)  Requires a lot of capital investment (factory, machines, etc)  Textile Factory Workers in England: FACTORY SYSTEM 1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers 1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers 1850224, 000 looms>1 million workers

17.  Rigid schedule  12-14 hour day  Dangerous conditions  Mind-numbing monotony  Specialization of Labor (17) FACTORY SYSTEM

18. EnglandRussia SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION (18)

19.  Slower that Northern Europe  Fewer laborers  Lack of capital  British craftsmen started cotton textile industry in New England in 1820s  Heavy iron and steel industries in 1870s  Rail networks developed in 1860s; integrated various regions of United States SPREAD TO UNITED STATES

20.  1870-1914 (19)  1 st Industrial Revolution dominated by trial and error  Figured out what worked, but no real understanding of how they worked  e.g. power machinery without understanding thermodynamics  2 nd defined by science  More efficient steam engines  Electricity- telegraph, understanding of physics of electrical impulses, AC Current (22)  New methods of steel production made steel stronger and cheaper leading to steel becoming the fundamental material of industry (20)  Chemistry- German leaders- understanding of chemistry- new dyes, explosives, fertilizers, rubber, pharmaceuticals (21)  American System of manufacturing- complex products made from mass- produced individual components- precision machinery (23) SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION