1. Laboratory Operations and Techniques
are the proper ways of manipulating/utilizing the apparatus in the laboratory.

2. A. Handling Liquids
1. transferring into a narrow-mouthed container (such as test tube, graduated cylinder,
flasks)
2. transferring into a wide-mouthed container (such as beaker)
B. Handling Solids/Powder
1. transferring into a narrow-mouthed container
2. transferring into a wide-mouthed container (beaker)
C. Heating
1. using a test tube
2. using other containers (beaker, flask, etc.)
D. Determining the odor of a chemical
E. Tasting chemicals
F. Diluting an Acid
G. Determining the acidity and alkalinity of a chemical
H. Filtration
I. Measuring
1. Volume of Liquid
2. Volume of Solid
a. regularly-shaped ( with dimensions--- rectangle, square, cylinder)
b. irregularly-shaped (without dimensions – marble, stones, etc)
3. Mass
4. Force
5. Temperature

3. A. Handling liquid
1. transferring into a narrow-mouthed container (such as test tube, graduated cylinder, flasks)
2. transferring into a wide-mouthed
container (such as beaker)

4. B. Handling Solids/Powder
1. transferring into a wide-mouthed container
2. transferring into a narrow-mouthed container

5. C. Heating (beaker, flask, etc.) Using a test tube
Using other containers
(beaker, flask, etc.)

6. D. Determining the Odor of a Chemical
We determine the odor of chemicals by fanning gently towards the nostrils.

7. E. Tasting Chemicals
We taste chemicals by dipping the stirring rod into the chemical and bring it to the tip of the tongue. DON’T SWALLOW! Spit
immediately and wash the tongue with water.

8. F. Diluting Acid
Always add the acid to the water. Otherwise the acid can splash you and get on your skin and also if it is a concentrated acid, as you dilute it, a lot of heat is generated, and you want the larger volume of water to be able to absorb that heat.

9. G. Determining the acidity and alkalinity of a chemical
Blue litmus paper turns red - acidic
Red litmus paper turns blue - basic

10. H. Filtration

11. I. Measuring
1. Measuring the Volume of Liquid – read at the lower meniscus for
colorless liquid and read at the upper meniscus for colored
liquid and should be at an eye level

12. 2. Measuring the volume of Solids
a. Irregularly-shaped solid – use Water
Displacement Method (V= FR- IR)

13. b. Regularly-shaped solid V = l x w x h
V= 20cm x 8cm x 16cm
V= cm3

14. 3. Measuring the mass
- used of platform balance, triple beam
balance, weighing scale

15. - used of spring balance
4. Force
- used of spring balance
Spring Balance

16. 5. Measuring the Temperature
- used of thermometer