1. APUSH Key Concept 4.2 Part I
Economic
Transformations:
The Market Revolution
APUSH Key Concept 4.2 Part I
Mr. Buttell

2. ESSENTIAL QUESTION: What were the results of early 19c
industrialization
in America?

3. The
Transportation
Revolution

4. First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA
By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.

5. Cumberland (National Road), 1811(completed 1850s)

6. Conestoga Covered Wagons
Conestoga Trail, 1820s

7. Begun in 1817(completed in 1825)
Erie Canal, 1820s
Begun in 1817(completed in 1825)

8. The Canal Systems
By 1840, canals connect all major lakes and rivers east of Mississippi.
Lower food prices in the East.
More immigrants settling in the West.
Result: Stronger economic ties between two sections.

9. Principal Canals in 1840

10. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat
1807: The Clermont

11. Inland Freight Rates

12. Clipper Ships (Navy & Freight)

13. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)
Late 1820s  13 miles of track built by B & O railroad By 1850  9000 mi. of RR track [1860  31,000 mi.]

14. The Railroad Revolution, 1850s
Immigrant labor built the No. RRs.
Slave labor built the So. RRs.

15. New
Inventions:
"Yankee Ingenuity"

16. Resourcefulness & Experimentation
Americans were willing to try anything.
They were first copiers, then innovators.
1800  41 patents were approved.
1860  4,357 “ “ “

17. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791 Actually invented by a slave!

18. Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory
Interchangeable Parts Rifle (during War of 1812)

19. First prototype of the locomotive
Oliver Evans
First automated flour mill
First prototype of the locomotive

20. John Deere & the Steel Plow (1837)

21. Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

22. Samuel F. B. Morse
1840 – Telegraph

23. Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

24. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840s Sewing Machine

25. The Northern
Industrial
"Juggernaut"

26. Corporations for Raising Capital
General Incorporation Law (NY 1848)  passed in New York to raise capital (money) by selling shares of stock.
Owners of a corporation only risk initial investment. This facilitates large sums of capital raised for factories, canals, and RR.
Laissez faire  BUT, govt. did much to assist capitalism!

27. Distribution of Wealth
During the American Revolution, 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of the population.
1845 Boston  top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth.
1860 Philadelphia  top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth.
Social Mobility (moving upward in income level and social status) The gap between rich and poor was widening!

28. Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”)
Stole British secrets on cotton-spinning machines.
War of 1812, Embargo Act stimulate domestic mfg.
Protective Tariff helps mfg. prosper.

29. Why New England? Abundant waterpower
Excellent seaports for shipping goods
Plentiful capital available for investing
Decline of farming in North = + labor supply
NY, NJ & PA follow NE’s lead.
Factory system encourages banking and insurance

30. The Lowell/Waltham System: First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
Francis Cabot Lowell’s town

31. Lowell in 1850

32. Early Textile Loom

33. New England Textile Centers: 1830s

34. New England Dominance in Textiles

35. What was their typical “profile?”
Lowell Girls
What was their typical “profile?”

36. Lowell Boarding Houses What was boardinghouse life like?

37. Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

38. The Early Union Movement
Early trade (or craft) unions were usually local, social, and weak starting in 1790s.
Workingman’s Party (1829) * Founded by Robert Dale Owen and others in New York City.
Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842).
Goals of Unions: Reduced the workday to 10 hours, better pay, and better working conditions.
Obstacles: replacement workers (immigrants), state laws against unions, economic depressions

39. What's
Happening in
America
by the 1850s?

40. Regional Specialization
EAST  Industrial
SOUTH  Cotton & Slavery
WEST  The Nation’s “Breadbasket”

41. American Population Centers in 1820

42. American Population Centers in 1860

43. Population Growth 1800-25 population doubles. Then again.
High birthrate
UK and German migration after 1830.
Non-whites decline from 20% to 15% of total pop. Why?
By 1830s, 1/3 of pop. live west of Alleghenies (PA) mountains

44. National Origin of Immigrants: 1820 - 1860
Why now?

45. “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner”
Know-Nothing Party:
“The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner”

46. Changing Occupation Distributions: 1820 - 1860

47. Effects Of
The Market
Revolution

48. Overall
The Market Economy led to a growing interdependence among people.
Farmers fed city workers.
City workers provided mass-produced goods.
Standard of living increased for most
Fast-changing economy presented challenges and problems.

49. Women Women worked less and less next to husband.
City work: domestic service or teaching.
Factory jobs not as common.
Working women tended to be single, and would leave job to marry.
Gaining more control over lives (marriage), though legal restrictions remained (voting).

50. Slavery Most thought slavery would end after 1808 ban.
Cotton industry and westward expansion (AL & MS) kept it alive.
“KING COTTON” will have a profound effect on the nation!