1. Theory in research Theory is an assumption, a concept, or a philosophy about a certain phenomenon or about the relationship between specific phenomena in a social setting. It explains what these assumptions are and presents an argument to inform us what the theory entails and how it was formulated.

2. Theory in research A set of interrelated constructs, definitions and propositions that presents a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables with the purpose of explaining and predicting phenomena. Theory enlightens us about what is known about and written about a particular issue, and thus provides a helpful backdrop to our research.

3. Theories in social science research Piaget’s theory of Cognitive Development Vygotsky’s theory of Zone of Proximal Development Bruner’s theory of Scaffolding Herzberg’s theory of Hygiene Factors Maslow’s theory of Hierarchy of Needs Tajfel’s theory of Social Identity Bourdieu’s theory of Habitus Coleman’s theory of Social Capital Bloom’s theory (Taxonomy) of Educational Objectives Bernstein’s theory of Sociolinguistics

4. Theories in social science research Marxism: the belief that capitalism is based on the exploitation of workers by the owners of the capital. Also, the evolving conflict between classes with opposing interests drives historical change. Postmodernism: a state lacking a clear hierarchy or organising principle, and representing complexity, contradiction, ambiguity, diversity & interconnectedness.

5. Theories in social science research Feminism: Concerned with issues to do with women’s rights to property, contract, contraception, maternity leave. Also, dealing with sexual harassment, abuse, domestic violence Critical theory: The examination & critique of society to effect change – to emancipate the disempowered, to redress inequality, & to promote individual freedoms within a democratic society. Grounded theory: Theory generated during the process of gathering & analysing the data