1. Psychological Disorders Coach Vittrup Psychology 12/8/14

2. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Defining and Classifying  Historical Explanations of Abnormal Behaviors Demonic possession Physical diseases Products of psychological conflicts Learned maladaptive behaviors Distorted perceptions of the world

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4. Defining and Classifying  Criteria for “abnormality” Distress Dysfunction Deviance

5. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Defining and Classifying  Distress Cause for significant anxiety, sorrow or emotional pain Usually comes when disproportionately acute or long-lasting

6. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Defining and Classifying  Dysfunctionality Inhibits their ability to perform every- day, typical functions

7. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Defining and Classifying  Deviance Behavior that departs from cultural norms

8. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Defining and Classifying  What is Abnormal Behavior? Behavior that is so: Personally distressful Personally dysfunctional Culturally deviant that others judge it as inappropriate or maladaptive

9. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Defining and Classifying  DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition Most widely used classification system in U.S.

10. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 13-10 Defining and Classifying  DSM-IV Axes Axis I: Primary clinical symptoms Axis II: Long-standing personality or developmental disorders Axis III: Relevant physical conditions Axis IV: Intensity of environmental stressors Axis V: Coping resources as reflected in recent adaptive functioning

11. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Defining and Classifying  Legal Concepts Competency Defendant’s state of mind at the time of a judicial hearing Insanity Presumed state of mind of defendant at time crime was committed

12. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anxiety Disorders  Definition Frequency and intensity of anxiety responses are out of proportion to the situations that trigger them Anxiety interferes with daily life

13. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anxiety Disorders  Components of Anxiety Responses Subjective-emotional Cognitive Physiological Behavioral

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15. Anxiety Disorders  Phobias Strong and irrational fears of certain objects or situations

16. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anxiety Disorders  Agoraphobia : Fear of open and public spaces from which escape would be difficult  Ablutophobia : Fear of bathing  Alektrophobia : Fear of chickens  Consecotalephobia : Fear of chopsticks  Ombrophobia : Fear of being rained on  Sesquipedalaphobia : Fear of long words

17. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anxiety Disorders  Generalized Anxiety Disorder Chronic state of diffuse, “free- floating” anxiety Anxiety not attached to specific objects or situations

18. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anxiety Disorders  Panic Disorder Panic occurs suddenly and unpredictably Much more intense than typical anxiety

19. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 13-19 Anxiety Disorders  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsessions Repetitive and unwelcome thoughts, images, or impulses Compulsions Repetitive behavioral responses

20. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anxiety Disorders  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Severe anxiety disorder Can occur in people exposed to extreme trauma

21. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anxiety Disorders  Symptoms of PTSD Severe symptoms of anxiety, arousal, and distress Reliving of trauma in flashbacks Numb to world and avoidance of reminders Intense “survivor guilt”

22. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anxiety Disorders  Biological Factors in Anxiety Overreactive autonomic nervous system Overreactive neurotransmitter systems involved in emotional responses Overreactive right hemisphere sites involved in emotions

23. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anxiety Disorders  Cognitive Factors Maladaptive thought patterns and beliefs Exaggerated misinterpretations of stimuli

24. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Dissociative Disorders  Breakdown of normal personality integration Results in alterations to memory or identity

25. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Dissociative Disorders  Psychogenic Amnesia Response to stressful event with extensive but selective memory loss

26. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Dissociative Disorders  Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) Formerly called multiple personality disorder Two or more separate personalities coexist in the same person

27. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Dissociative Disorders  Causes of DID Trauma-Dissociation Theory Development of personalities is a response to severe stress

28. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Mood (Affective) Disorders  Involve depression and mania  Most frequently experienced (with anxiety disorders) psychological disorders

29. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Mood (Affective) Disorders  Major Depression Intense depressed state Leaves people unable to function effectively in their lives

30. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Mood (Affective) Disorders  Symptoms of Depression Negative mood Cognitive symptoms Motivational symptoms Somatic (physical) symptoms

31. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 13-31

32. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Mood (Affective) Disorders  Bipolar Disorder Depression alternates with periods of mania Mania = Highly excited mood and behavior

33. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Mood (Affective) Disorders  Prevalence of Mood Disorders 1 in 20 Americans is severely depressed (Narrow et al., 2002) 1 in 5 Americans will have a depressive episode of clinical proportions during lifetime (Hamilton, 1989)

34. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Mood (Affective) Disorders  Gender Differences Women about twice as likely to suffer from depression

35. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Mood (Affective) Disorders  Depressive Cognitive Triad Negative thoughts concerning: The world Oneself The future

36. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 13-36

37. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Mood (Affective) Disorders  Learned Helplessness Theory Depression occurs when people expect that bad events will occur and they think that they can’t cope with them

38. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 13-38 Suicide  Willful taking of one’s life  Second most frequent cause of death among high school and college students  Women attempt more suicides; men are more likely to kill selves

39. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 13-39

40. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Suicide  Warning Signs of Suicide Verbal or behavioral threat to kill self History of previous attempts Detailed plan that involves a lethal method

41. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Schizophrenia  Severe disturbances in: Thinking Speech Perception Emotion Behavior

42. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Schizophrenia  Diagnosis of Schizophrenia Misinterpretation of reality Disordered attention, thought, perception Withdrawal from social activities

43. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Schizophrenia  Diagnosis of Schizophrenia cont. Strange or inappropriate communication Neglect of personal grooming Disorganized behavior

44. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Schizophrenia  Delusions False beliefs that are sustained in the face of contrary evidence normally sufficient to destroy them

45. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Schizophrenia  Hallucinations False perceptions that have a compelling sense of reality Can be auditory or visual

46. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Schizophrenia  Subtypes of Schizophrenia Paranoid Delusions of persecution and grandeur

47. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Schizophrenia  Subtypes of Schizophrenia Disorganized Confusion and incoherence Severe deterioration of adaptive behavior

48. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Schizophrenia  Subtypes of Schizophrenia Catatonic Motor disturbances from muscular rigidity to random or repetitive movements

49. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Schizophrenia  Positive Symptoms Bizarre behaviors such as delusions, hallucinations, and disordered speech, thinking  Negative Symptoms Absence of normal reactions e.g., emotional expression, motivation, normal speech

50. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Schizophrenia  Biological Causes Genetic predisposition Destruction of neural tissue (neurodegenerative hypothesis) Atrophy in brain regions that influence cognitions, emotions

51. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Personality Disorders  Stable, ingrained, inflexible, and maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving  Increase likelihood of acquiring, maintaining several Axis I disorders

52. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Personality Disorders  Three Clusters: Dramatic and impulsive behaviors Anxiety and fearfulness Odd and eccentric behaviors

53. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Personality Disorders  Antisocial Personality Disorder Psychopaths or sociopaths 3:1 male-female ratio Lack a conscience Fail to respond to punishment

54. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Childhood Disorders  ADHD (Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) Attentional difficulties Hyperactivity-impulsivity Most common childhood disorder (7- 10% of U.S. children)

55. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Childhood Disorders  Causes of ADHD Genetic predispositions Brain scans show no differences with “normals” Environmental factors

56. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Childhood Disorders  Other Externalizing Disorders Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) Disobedient, defiant, hostile Conduct Disorder Violate social norms and show disregard for others’ rights

57. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Dementia in Old Age  Alzheimer’s Disease 60% of senile dementias Caused by deterioration in frontal and temporal lobes of brain Plaques in brain Destruction of cells that produce acetylcholine