1. Rosemary Schiller 610 519-6813 St. Mary’s 1st Floor, Office Hours Tue 11:30-1:30 http://www39.homepage.villanova. edu/rosemary.schiller/

4. Nursing Research Definitions

5. Diers n “A systematic study of problems in patient care.”

6. Abdellah n “A systematic detailed attempt to discover or confirm facts that relate to a specific problem to improve the practice and profession of nursing.”

7. Polit and Hungler n “A systematic search for knowledge about issues of importance to nursing.”

8. Henderson n “A study of the problems in practice relating to the effects of nursing.”

9. Ways to “use” nursing research: --journal clubs --critique research for patient care purposes --explaining research to clients --data collection for others --reviewing methodology for IRB --finding research problems --using research results in patient care or education

10. Why do research? n Professionalism n Accountability n Social Relevance

11. Evolution of Nursing Research n Education/Recruitment n Administration/Staffing n Practice n Methodology/Theory based research

12. Current Trends n Health Promotion n Nursing Decision Making n Effectiveness of Nursing Intervention in Selected Health Problems n Prevention n Case Studies/Qualitative Research n Ethnographic Studies n Compliance

13. Conferences for Research Priorities

14. #1 through 1994 n HIV n Long term care n Low birth weight n Symptom management n Nursing informatics n Technology n Health Promotion

15. #2 through 1999 n Develop and test community based nursing models n Assess effectiveness of nursing interventions with HIV n Develop and test approaches to remediate cognitive impairment n Assess coping with chronic illness n Methods for promoting immunocompetence

16. Epistemology n Sources of Human Knowledge or “how we know what we know”

17. Sources of Knowledge n Tradition or tenacity n Authority n Experience n Intuition n Trial and Error n Logical Reasoning –Induction –Deduction n Scientific Method

18. Tradition/tenacity n Something we know because we have always known it. n Advantages: Efficient, provides a foundation of truths n Disadvantages: Most traditions have not been evaluated for their value

19. Authority n We know a thing because some authoritative source says it is so n Authorities are not infallible, so always question authority--what is the evidence that this is true?

20. Experience n Our own experiences may be too limited to generalize from

21. Intuition n It just “ seems” right

22. Trial and error n Haphazard n unsystematic n inefficient n usually unrecorded n must make the same mistakes or discoveries over and over again

23. Logical Reasoning n Induction--developing generalizations from specific observations Induction  SpecificsGeneralizations  Deduction n Deduction--developing specific predictions from general principles

24. Scientific Method n The most advanced method of acquiring knowledge that humans have developed.

25. Scientific Method n Order n Control n Empiricism n Generalization n Theoretical Formulation

26. Order n Systematic prescribed order in order to have reproducibility and confidence in the results –problem identified –defined –predictions of oucome –information collected according to design –analysis –conclusion

27. Control n In trying to isolate relationships among phenomena, scientists must control phenomena and factors not under study.

28. Empiricism n Evidence rooted in objective reality and gathered directly or indirectly through the human senses. Research is based in REALITY

29. Generalization n No research is ever done just to benefit the subjects, in order to have value it must be generalizable to a wider population.

30. Theoretical formulation n Theories are manner of organizing, integrating and deriving abstract conceptualization about the manner in which phenomena are interrelated.

31. LIMITS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD n 1. Values or ethics n 2. Human complexity n 3. Measurement problems n 4. Control n 5. Ethical considerations

32. PARADIGMS FOR NURSING RESEARCH n ONTOLOGIC-What is the nature of reality? n EPISTEMOLOGIC-What is the relationship between the inquirer and that being studied? n AXIOLOGIC-What is the role of values in inquiry? n METHODOLOGIC-How should the inquirer obtain knowledge?

33. POSITIVIST PARADIGM n Nature is ordered and regular and can be predicted.

34. NATURALISTIC OR PHENOMENOLOGIC PARADIGM n Reality not fixed but exists within a context, many interpretations are possible. Nothing is absolutely true or false, only within a context.

35. n QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH vs n QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

36. PURPOSES OF RESEARCH n Identification n Description n Exploration n Explanation n Prediction and Control

37. Types of Research by Utility n BASIC RESEARCH n APPLIED RESEARCH n COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT

38. RELATIONSHIPS CAUSAL vs ASSOCIATIONAL

39. Requirements for causality n concomitant variation n temporal sequencing n absence of competing explanations

40. STEPS IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS (Quantitative Research)

41. CONCEPTUAL PHASE n 1. Formulating and Delimiting the Problem n 2. Reviewing the Literature n 3. Developing a Theoretical Framework n 4. Identifying the Research Variables n 5. Formulating Hypotheses

42. DESIGN AND PLANNING PHASE n 6. Selecting a Research Design n 7. Specifying the Population n 8. Operationalizing the Variables n 9. Conducting the Pilot Study/Making Revisions

43. EMPIRICAL PHASE n 10. Selecting the Sample n 11. Collecting the Data n 12. Organizing Data for Analysis

44. ANALYTIC PHASE n 13. Analyzing the Data n 14. Interpreting the Results

45. DISSEMINATION PHASE n 15. Communicating Results

46. STEPS IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS (Qualitative Research) Circular and Flexible

47. n 1. Define/Clarify Broad Topic n 2. Review of the Literature? n 3. Identify Site/Setting n 4. Obtain Access n 5. Obtain and Test Equipment n 6. Begin Data Collection/Analysis n 7. Identify Themes/Categories n 8. Triangulation/Saturation n 9. Formulate Hypotheses/Theories n 10. Communicate Findings

48. TERMINOLOGY n CONCEPTS/CONSTRUCTS n CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK n OPERATIONAL DEFINITION n VARIABLES n DATA n HYPOTHESIS (research or null/statistical) n PROBLEM STATEMENT n RESEARCH DESIGNS n SAMPLE/POPULATION

49. Concepts/Constructs n Refined general or abstract idea “good health” “nursing care”

50. Conceptual Framework n A series of concepts or ideas connected by statements about the relationships that exist among them

51. Operational Definitions n Specifications of the specific and explicit operations which the researcher must perform in order to collect the required information “Operationalizing the concept”

52. Variables n Something which varies n An abstract entity which takes on different values.

53. DATA n Pieces of information obtained in the course of the study

54. Hypothesis n Research--A statement of the expectations of the researcher concerning the relationships of the variables under study H R n Null or Statistical--states that there is no relationship among the variables H O

55. Problem Statement n A the research question or a statement about the purpose of the study.

56. Research Designs n Basic designs are experimental and non experimental (or descriptive)

57. Sample/Population n Sample--the subjects participating in the study n Population--the whole universe of possible subjects n Target population--the group to whom the researcher wishes to generalize the results of the study

58. RESEARCH REPORTS n ABSTRACT n INTRODUCTION n METHOD n RESULTS n DISCUSSION n REFERENCES

59. Abstract n An abbreviated summary of the research problem, methodology, findings and significance.

60. INTRODUCTION n PURPOSE, RESEARCH QUESTIONS, HYPOTHESES n REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE n THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK n SIGNIFICANCE OF PROBLEM

61. METHOD n SUBJECTS n RESEARCH DESIGN n INSTRUMENTS AND DATA COLLECTION n STUDY PROCEDURES

62. RESULTS n STATISTICAL TESTS USED n VALUE OF THE STATISTIC n STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE n THEMES (Qualitative Research)

63. DISCUSSION n INTERPRETATION n IMPLICATIONS n LIMITATIONS

64. REFERENCES n All of the literature used in writing the research article. Should contain mostly recent and primary sources.