1. PhD students Class 7

2. Mea culpa! Latin phrase used in English = It is my fault From a Catholic prayer Mea culpa, mea culpa, mea maxima culpa. Culpa → English culprit or culpable Maxima →English maximum

3. Many Latin expressions in English Sometimes people use Latin just to show off Use the English expression if there is one! But you might see the Latin in reading Sometimes fairly common usage

4. Latin for universities Alma mater (caring mother) = your university In loco parentis (in place of parents) The curriculum is what you study Jiaoda and Fudan have different curricula

5. The goal of education Mens sana in copore sano (a sound mind in a sound body) Same roots as: Mental illness (sickness of mind) Corpse (dead body), corporal punishment Sane, insane, sanitary

6. American system of honors He graduated: cum laude (with praise) magna cum laude summa cum laude British: with distinction with high distinction

7. Looking for a job? American English: Prepare a resumé (French word) British English: Prepare a Curriculum Vitae (CV) (Latin expression)

8. In citations et al. (and others) Chicago, MLA: et al. for four or more Depends which journal Don't try to use the full forms Masculine et alli Feminine et allae Neuter et alla

9. References Ibidem (ibid.), in the same place Idem (id.), the same Opere citato (op. cit.), in the work cited Often used as in [Bloggs, op.cit.] Inter alia (i.a.), among others Et cetera (etc.), and the rest

10. Other things in text Id est (i.e.), that is Exempli gratia (e.g.), for example Mixing those two up is a common error Just use “that is” and “for example”?

11. (sic) Indicates that you know there is an error However, the error is not yours He complains that he only (sic) gets 20,000 a month.

12. Nasty use of (sic) Do not use “sic” as a weapon: SAFER is Secure (sic) And Fast Encryption Routine George is the manager (sic) of our department Insults the opponent Assumes the reader agrees with you

13. “Peace” to a different view Acknowledge that there is another position Arguing about that is not your topic Parallel computers are becoming important in many applications (pace, Amdahl). You probably should not use this.

14. Peace Pax Romana The peace created by the Roman Empire Pax Sinica Peace in Asia when Chinese Empire was strong Pax Americana?

15. Used in proofs Ergo = therefore (I advise you not to use this.) QED, quod erat demonstrandum Means “which was to be proved” Comes at the end of a proof

16. Other expressions in arguments Ceteris paribus – other things being equal (I advise you not to use this.) Sine qua non -- without which, nothing Nonlinearity is a sine qua non for a cipher A fortiriori -- even more so, with stronger reason If eight rounds are secure then a fortiriori, 32 are.

17. Types of reason for something De facto, in fact Microsoft Windows is a de facto standard De jure, in law Ex offico, from the office Ad hoc, literally “for this”

18. Invalid arguments Ad populum (to the people) Ad hominem (to the man) Ex silentio (from silence) Non sequitur (does not follow)

19. Not arguable De gustibus non disputandum est = You cannot argue about taste

20. Bad explanations Cum hoc ergo propter hoc (with this, therefore because of this) Correlation does not imply causality. Post hoc ergo propter hoc, or just “post hoc” (after this, therefore because of this) Sequence does not imply causality.

21. Valid arguments Reductio ad absurdum Assume x, prove something that is impossible Then x must be false Modus ponens (method of placing) If ((p->q) and p), then q Modus tollens (method of denying) If ((p->q) and ~q), then ~p

22. Pons asinorum Bridge of asses (donkeys) Bridge of fools Euclid's Elements, fifth theorem: Given an isosceles triangle (two sides equal) Prove the angles opposite them are equal

23. Ultima Ratio Regum “The last argument of kings” Louis XIV of France had this put on cannon

24. Situations for experiments In vivo, in life In vitro, in glass In utero, in the womb In vacuo, in a void In silico (bad Latin), in silicon, by simulation In vino veritas, in wine there is truth

25. Courts In camera = in the room, not public In absentia Habeus corpus, I want to have the body British law, prisoner must be brought to court Cui bono? Good for who?

26. Other legal Latin In flagrante delicto, blazing wrong = caught red-handed Non compis mentis Amicus curae, friend of the court Third party intervening in a trial

27. Sayings Caveat emptor, let the buyer beware Casus belli, cause of (or excuse for) a war Quid pro quo, something for something Carpe diem, Seize the day!

28. Things that go on Ad infinitum, going on forever Ad nauseum, making me sick

29. Rene Descartes Invented analytic geometry Terms like linear equation Cartesian co-ordinates (x,y) Opposite: polar co-ordinates (d,θ) Cogito ergo sum I think, therefore I am

30. Julius Caesar Veni, vidi, vici I came, I saw, I conquered (France) Et tu, Brute? You too, Brutus? Russian Czar/Tsar and German Kaiser

31. And now, for something completely different Line from a Monty Python show Want a really hard test of your English? Try to understand Monty Python! British comedy Some native speakers miss the jokes

32. Back to articles A, an, the Most noticeable error in papers I see Native speaker four-year-olds get these right Almost all non-natives get some wrong Especially Chinese & Japanese

33. Two categories of noun Countable – must be singular or plural One rabbit, several rabbits, 23 women, … If singular, it must have a determiner A cat, the cat, my cat, that cat, no cat, … Uncountable – truth, justice, love, … bread,...

34. Two types of article Indefinite – a or an Definite – the Only if both speaker and hearer know which one

35. Indefinite, a/an We propose a new algorithm for … Fred has a new girlfriend … (hearer does not know what algorithm or girl) I heard that you wrote a book on Chinese history. (speaker does not know what book) I want to buy a car. (neither speaker nor hearer knows what car)

36. A versus an depends only on sound Fred is a genius, but his brother is an idiot Words from French, with silent 'h', take 'an' An hour, an honourable man, … A hen, a hospital,... Words starting with 'u', depends on sound An unknown, an uncle of mine, … A university, a useful technique,...

37. Often 'a' 1 st time, 'the' later We propose a new algorithm for … The method gives accurate results. Fred has a new girlfriend. What the girl sees in him is beyond me.

38. 'the' for known things Breaking the RSA cryptosystem is trivial if you can factor the modulus. The problem with that is that no-one has found an efficient algorithm for factoring. The best known algorithm for large moduli is the General Number Field Sieve with overheads of order 2 N/3

39. 'the' only for specific things The RSA system can produce digital signatures as well as secret messages. The digital signatures from elliptic curve systems are smaller than the ones produced by RSA. Or: Digital signatures from elliptic curve systems are smaller than those produced by RSA.

40. Uncountable → Countable Two liters of milk Three blocks of ice 98,000 items of data 32K bits of data Not abstract nouns – truth, justice, love,...

41. Many nouns are both, +- count Experience is the best teacher I had an interesting experience yesterday His experiences in China...

42. Some have three different meanings Glass is used to make windows (non-count, the substance) Can I have a glass of water? (count, singular, a container) She wears glasses. (count, plural, frame with lenses)

43. Things that make a noun definite Previously mentioned We propose a new method … The method … Superlative The fastest previously published algorithm is … Ordinal The fourth paragraph on page six...

44. More Some (not all) modifiers after the noun … the girl he loves … the algorithm Bloggs proposed But Fred is reading a book about China We give a solution to the problem of...

45. Clear from context Close the door. (hearer knows which door) When the CPU receives an interrupt, it … (reader knows which CPU)

46. Almost every definite noun has 'the' Singular: The algorithm we propose is … Plural: The sensors used in this system are … Non-count: The memory usage is …

47. Definite noun without 'the'? Only if there is another determiner Our algorithm is faster than... Murgatroyd's sensors were not mobile … This memory usage can be reduced by...

48. Is the noun singular? Test – would “one” be OK in front of it? OK: One CPU, one algorithm, one cycle,... Not OK: one programs, one knowledge, … If it is singular, it must have some determiner

49. Singular noun? If it is definite, use 'the' If not, use 'a' or 'an' Every singular noun must have a determiner A CPU, the CPU, my CPU, this CPU, Sun's CPU Any CPU can calculate 2+2. No current CPU runs at 100 GHz

50. Not singular? Either plural or non-count Article rules are the same for both Use 'the' if it is definite Otherwise, use no article

51. Examples Definite: use 'the' The method that Bloggs proposed is … The papers that he read were … The cost of this computation is … Not definite: no article Long papers are hard to write The method uses exponential time and memory

52. What goes in here? ?? wireless vehicular networks have received ?? significant attention in ?? recent years.

53. What goes in here? As ?? more and more vehicles are equipped with ?? onboard sensors, ?? large-scale urban monitoring with ?? vehicular networks becomes attractive.

54. What goes in here? Deploying ?? wireless relays is … We consider ?? crucial problem of ?? optimal placement of...