1. Physical Controls in Structures
Using energy factors in the environment such as heat, cold, light, sound, x-rays, infrared rays, etc., to kill pests or attract them to a killing mechanism
Thermal Controls (heat and cold treatment)
Electrocution (zappers)
Microwave suspect materials

2. Direct Control Hand picking, killing individually Some Traps Vacuums
Removing pests by hand or using mechanical devices to trap, kill, or keep out individuals
Hand picking, killing individually
Some Traps
Vacuums
Hoeing
Shooting

3. Hand Picking Examples
Slug Picker
Arthropod Vacuum
Swatter

4. In Structures, Direct Control Using Traps Often Relies on Effective Trap Placement
Place close to walls, behind objects in dark corners, wherever pest activity seen.
Place them so that pests following normal travel (usually close to a wall) will pass directly over the trigger.
Leave traps untriggered until the bait has been taken at least once prevents rats or mice becoming trap-shy.
Baits compete with other food sources.

5. Problems with Mechanical Control
Generally more practical in small areas than large ones.
Labor intensive
Cumbersome (e.g. must remember where traps are located & service them)
Inefficient (removes only a small portion of pest population)
Often viewed as inhumane
Traps are more useful as a monitoring procedure.

6. Comparison of Physical & Mechanical Methods
Control Effectiveness
Control Type
Monitoring Effectiveness
Exclusion
High
Preventative
None
Habitat & Behav. Mod
Preventative & Curative
Physical Control
Moderate
Curative
Mechanical Control
Low

7. Pest Invasions and Legislative Prevention
The main sections of this chapter
Invasion and introduction mechanisms
Regulatory premise
Pest risk assessment
Exclusion & early detection
Containment, control, eradication

8. Invasion Mechanisms -- Intentional
New crop plants
New ornamental plants
New animal food sources
Erosion control
Biological control
Misguided or lack of knowledge
Discarding unwanted organisms
Malicious intent

9. Invasion Mechanisms -- Accidental
Produce or human food
Contaminant of crop seeds/planting stock
Contaminant of feed for animals
On or in live animals
Contaminated soil
Irrigation water
Transportation vehicles
Farm machinery
Military activity

10. Basic Concepts of Regulatory Control
Main premise – All of the previous mechanisms are a result of human behavior. Laws modify that.
It is almost all preventative
Regulatory Control Defined: All forms of legislation and regulation that may prevent the establishment or slow the spread of a pest population.

11. Regulated Pests
“Regulated Pest” – One official control and thus specifically identified, in laws or in regulations, whose establishment, propagation, or movement is facilitated by human actions which are therefore prohibited or outlawed.
Two Kinds of Regulated Pests
Quarantine Pest – Not present in the regulated area
Regulated Non-Quarantine Pest – One whose presence/occurrence is regulated.

12. Quarantine Pest Vs the Regulated Non-Quarantine Pest
QP is controlled only via quarantine, RNQP may be controlled in any manner
QP is absent, focus is on preventing entry; RNQP is present, focus on other objectives
Economic impact of QP unknown; RNQP has a known economic impact
For QP, object of control is anything; RNQP it is mainly hosts, host production, storage/shipping, or pests themselves.

13. Major Laws
Emphasize the regulations & laws sections on pp. 230 – Be especially familiar with federal laws (pp. 231 – 232)
State Regulations are often modeled after generic versions by the National Plant Board
Example of a state quarantine: Sudden Oak Death in Kentucky

14. Regulatory Tactics – 4 Categories
Prevention of Entry
Eradication – 2 steps
Domestic Quarantine
Eradication
Retardation – Often used when eradication fails
Mitigation of Losses

15. Quarantine as a Regulatory Technique
Inspections – Intensity of inspection dictated by level of Pest Risk (cf. pp 232 – 233)
Point-of-Origin (Phytosanitary Certificate)
Point-of-Entry
Field Inspections
Regional Inspections & Surveys
Quarantine Effectiveness
considered a temporary control
Eradication planning is always part of a quarantine

16. Quarantine continued
Quarantine Costs: Inspection, compliance, eradication
Quarantine Value
Buy time for eradication/control development
Keep initial pest populations small
Restricts biotypes of initial populations
Responses to intercepted pests – Costs borne by owner
Goods returned
Goods destroyed
Goods may be held in isolation for confirmation
Goods may be treated (usually fumigation)

17. Quarantine Examples
Citrus Canker in Florida – Spatio-temporal map shows the quarantine is a losing battle
Golden Nematode in NY – Quarantined successfully since before WWII
Mediterranean Fruit Fly – On-going battle