1. History of Marine Science

2. Ancient Times…

3. Polynesians – beginning around 30,000 B.C.
Stone Age clambakes
Polynesians – beginning around 30,000 B.C.
Sailed extensively through the Pacific
Stick charts
Colonized: Samoa, New Zealand, Easter Island, Hawaii

4. By 2000 B.C. – Phoenicians were accomplished mariners
Commerce & Colonies
Mediterranean
Through Strait of Gibraltar & into Atlantic
4th century B.C. – Aristotle – 1st marine biologist
Gills are breathing structures of fish
Library at Alexandria

5. Middle Ages…

6. 995 A.D. – Leif Eriksson discovered N. America
Dark Ages – most scientific study halted in Europe; much knowledge lost
995 A.D. – Leif Eriksson discovered N. America
North Atlantic
Detailed knowledge of currents, wind, tides, ocean phenomena
Arab traders – learned about wind and current patterns

7. Renaissance…

8. 1450s – Prince Henry the Navigator
Recognizes ocean’s potential for trade/commerce
Establishes 1st oceanographic institute
1492 – Columbus rediscovers America
1519 – Magellan – 1st expedition to sail around globe

9. 1700s…

10. 1736 – John Harrison invents 1st chronometer
Spring-operated clock
Necessary for determining longitude
1768 – James Cook
Uses chronometer in his journeys
1770 – Ben Franklin
1st map of Gulf Stream

11. 1800S…

12. 1831 – HMS Beagle 1840s - Matthew Maury 1840s – 1850s – Edward Forbes
Map coastlines
Darwin made detailed observations of natural world
1840s - Matthew Maury
1840s – 1850s – Edward Forbes
Dredged the sea floor
Discovered many new species
Different life at different depths

13. Marine Labs 1872 – Stazione Zoologica – Naples, Italy
1st Marine Lab
1879 – Laboratory of Marine Biological Society of the United Kingdom – Plymouth
1870s-1880s – Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts

14. Modern Times…

15. 1900s – Polar Expeditions 1940s-1950s –Thor Heyerdahl
Recreates trips of Polynesians

16. SCUBA Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
Developed by Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnon post WWII

17. Scuba opened a new world to marine scientists
Prior to its development, divers were restricted by the length of the air tube coming from their ship

18. WWII Sonar (sound navigation ranging)
Developed to detect enemy submarines