1. © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Social Geography  Wealth  Race  Religion Economic geography  Industrialization

2. © T. M. Whitmore LAST TIME Migration  Remittances (a consequence of international emigration from LA) Rural to rural migration within LA Rural to urban migration within LA Characteristics of migrants and the migration process

3. © T. M. Whitmore Social Geography & Development: Wealth Average wealth in GDP in PPP/capita World ~ $9,100  Lesser developed ~ $4,400+ USA ~ $41,900

4. © T. M. Whitmore Social Geography & Development: Wealth II LA ~ $7,900 Extremes of GDP/capita in LA (< $5,000) Extremes  Low  Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala  Jamaica, Haiti  Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay  Above world average GDP/capita (> $7,500)  Costa Rica, Mexico  Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay

5. © T. M. Whitmore Percent population living on <$2/day World average > 50% Latin American average ~ 24%  Countries with > 30%  Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador,  Jamaica, Haiti,  Bolivia, Ecuador, Paraguay  Countries with fewer than LA average  Costa Rica, Mexico  Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay Chile

6. GDP/capita

7. © T. M. Whitmore Wealth distribution I USA  Richest 20% have 40% of all income  Poorest 20% have 5%  65% in middle class

8. © T. M. Whitmore Wealth distribution II Latin America Latin  Richest 20% have 50-65% of all income  Poorest 20% have 2-5%  30% in the middle  Countries with top 20% with more than 50% of all income  Brazil, Panama, Costa Rica, Argentina, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela Varies within countries Varies

12. © T. M. Whitmore Social development indicators The Human Development Index Safe water access Population to hospital bed ratio Overall worst levels of human development  Bolivia; Ecuador; Paraguay; Peru  El Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua  Dominican Republic; Haiti

13. © T. M. Whitmore Race & Ethnicity Colonial legacy of population holocaust, slavery, and miscegenation Post-colonial migrations — much in 19th Century  Asian  European => complex map

14. © T. M. Whitmore Current ethnic distributions Afro-American (Latin Americans are “Americans,” too)  Brazil Brazil  Caribbean (Garifuna) Caribbean Garifuna Amerindian  Former high culture areas of Mesoamerica and Andes Mesoamerica Andes Mestizo: Mexico & CA; BrazilMexico Brazil Euro-American: Costa Rica; Southern ConeCosta RicaSouthern Cone

16. Garifuna

17. © T. M. Whitmore

20. Race in Latin America Racial mixing Racial “bleaching” Racism “Social” races Indigenismo & Négritude

22. © T. M. Whitmore

23. Catholic Heritage I Spanish Catholic rootsCatholic Spiritual conquest — an integral part of the conquest of the Americas Spiritual Legacy of Church’s history in Latin America Legacy  Identified with power/economic elite  Reform in form of liberation theology => oppression of the poor is a sin Reform

24. © T. M. Whitmore Catholic Heritage II Overwhelmingly people say “soy Catholico” = “I am a Catholic” Overwhelmingly  Church attendance is often low  But presence is everywhere “Folk” Catholicism — merging of Roman Catholic ritual and beliefs with indigenous (Amerindian) beliefs (syncretism)Folk Roman Catholic beliefs have merged with (or been used to mask) various African religious traditions in the Caribbean and Brazil especially Roman

25. © T. M. Whitmore

49. © Pearson Education – Prentice Hall

50. Obatala known as the parent of the Orishas and all human kind. The saint he represents is "Our lady of Mercy“ © 2005-2006 www.santeriareligion101.com

51. Lukumi (Santería) Altar ©2000 Latitude International Products

53. © T. M. Whitmore Religion: Non-Catholic Hindu and Islam — imported with indentured labor to Suriname, Guiana, Trinidad & Tobago mostly (but minorities in all of the Caribbean) Judaism — accompanied 1st migrants from Spain (conversos) Judaism Evangelical Protestants — Protestants outlawed in Spanish/Portuguese colonial times Evangelical  Very rapid growth in past few decades  ~40% of Guatemala  ~1/3 of Brazil

55. © T. M. Whitmore

59. Inter-Personal socio-cultural traits Machismo — men in control of their lives and the lives of others in their lives Marianismo — roughly the inverse of machismo (from the idea that the ideal woman resembles Mary in her virtue and purity) Role conflict (e.g., casas chicas) “Personalismo” — much of social, economic, indeed all life in LA depends on social/family ties & personal spheres of influence and obligation

60. © T. M. Whitmore Industrialization in the late 19th Century — up through WWII Export Processing Industrialization (a follow on from colonial patterns) Low technology manufacture of basic consumer goods Era of WW I; Great Depression; through WW II

61. © T. M. Whitmore Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) (1940s — 1970s) Legitimized by Argentine economist Raul Prebish in 1940 and adopted as official policy by the UN after WWII

62. © T. M. Whitmore How ISI works Imposed quotas or tariffs to increase the price of imported manufactured goods Idea is to stimulate local industries NOT a new idea

63. © T. M. Whitmore Consequences of previous rounds of industrialization A legacy of: Colonial; 19 th C; and especially ISI industrialization Spatially uneven: largest states benefit most Smaller states forced to band together Smaller

65. © T. M. Whitmore Economic & other assumptions of ISI Presumes that “under development” is partly the result of uneven terms of trade between LA and the more developed Atlantic world Isolating the country’s economy from the wider world’s economy will allow it to develop without the pressures from the Atlantic World Attempt to recreate a mini-model of the economy of more developed states Strongly involve the state in economic activities via state enterprises etc.

66. © T. M. Whitmore Problems with ISI Role of modern technology in ISI Role of changed imports in ISI Role of foreign control in ISI Role of role of governments in ISI Inefficient management due to lack of competition Loans to do all this not easily repaid => demands to “restructure” economy”