1. IP Addressing Chapter 5 powered by DJ

2. Chapter Objectives At the end of this Chapter you will be able to:  Explain IP addressing  Discuss IP subnetting  VLSM(Variable length Subnet Mask) powered by DJ

3. IP Addressing IP Addressing Definitions – An Introduction I.P. addressing was designed to allow hosts on one network to communicate with a host on a different network regardless of the type of LANs the hosts are participating in. Any device that can send and receive IP packets is called an IP host. powered by DJ

4. IP Terminology The important terms of the Internet Protocol are:  Bit: A bit is one digit, either a 1 or a 0.  Byte: A byte is 8 bits.  Octet: An octet, made up of 8 bits, is just an ordinary 8-bit binary number. In this Chapter, the terms byte and octet are completely interchangeable.  Network address: This is the designation used in routing to send packets to a remote network—for example, 10.0.0.0, 172.16.0.0, and 192.168.10.0.  Broadcast address: The address used by applications and hosts to send information to all nodes on a network is called the broadcast address. Examples include 255.255.255.255, which is all networks, all nodes; 172.16.255.255, which is all subnets and hosts on network 172.16.0.0; and 10.255.255.255, which broadcasts to all subnets and hosts on network 10.0.0.0. powered by DJ

5.  IP address is a 32-bit binary number that is unique for each device  IP address is converted to a decimal format to make them readable for the humans  Within the network, the IP address is interpreted in a binary format consisting of 0 and 1  IP address of 10010100101000101001010010101011, it is split into 4 octets such as  10010100  10100010  10010100  10101011 IP Addressing powered by DJ

6. IP Addressing  To convert the bits to a decimal format, right most bit in the octet has the least value of 2 0. This value goes on increasing towards the left Bits10010100 Values2 7 = 128 2 6 = 64 2 5 = 32 2 4 = 16 2 3 = 8 2 2 = 4 2 1 = 2 2 0 = 1 powered by DJ

7. IP Addressing  You need to multiply the bits with its corresponding value in the table Bits10010100 Values2 7 =1282 6 = 642 5 = 322 4 = 162 3 = 82 2 = 42 1 = 22 0 = 1 Multiplied Values 12800160400 powered by DJ

8. IP Addressing  The equivalent decimal value for the octet will be the addition of all the multiplied values  For the octet 10010100, the decimal value will be 128+0+0+16+0+4+0+0 = 148  So the IP address of the machine will be 148.162.148.171 powered by DJ

9. Classification of IP Addresses CLASSES Class A 1-126 Class B 128 - 191 Class C 192 -223 Class D 224-239 Class E 240 - 255 powered by DJ

10. Types Of IP Address  Private IP address  Public IP address 1)Private IP address These addresses can be used on a private network.  They’re not routable through the Internet. Address ClassReserved Address Space Class A10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255 Class B172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255 Class C192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255 The reserved private addresses are listed in the Table: powered by DJ

11.  Public IP address These addresses can be used on a Public network.  They’re routable through the Internet.  Other than Private IP range is Public IP address range. powered by DJ

12. Subnet Masks  A subnet mask is a 32-bit value that allows the recipient of IP packets to distinguish the network ID portion of the IP address from the host ID portion of the IP address.  The network administrator creates a 32-bit subnet mask composed of 1s and 0s. The 1s in the subnet mask represent the positions that refer to the network or subnet addresses. Address ClassFormatDefault Subnet Mask Class Anetwork.node.node.node255.0.0.0 Class BNetwork.network.node.node255.255.0.0 Class CNetwork.network.node.node255.255.255.0 powered by DJ

13. Subnetting What is Subnetting? Subnetting is basically just a way of splitting a TCP/IP network into smaller The various advantages of subnetting are:  Reduced network traffic:  Optimized network performance  Simplified management  Facilitated spanning of large geographical distances: powered by DJ

14. Subnetting Class C Addresses Subnetting a Class C Address:  How many subnets does the chosen subnet mask produce?  How many valid hosts per subnet are available?  What are the valid subnets?  What’s the broadcast address of each subnet?  What are the valid hosts in each subnet? powered by DJ

15. Here’s how you get the answers to those five big questions: How many subnets? 2x = number of subnets. x is the number of masked bits, or the 1s. For example, in 11000000, the number of 1s gives us 2 2 subnets. In this example, there are 4 subnets. How many hosts per subnet? 2 y – 2 = number of hosts per subnet. y is the number of unmasked bits, or the 0s. For example, in 11000000, the number of 0s gives us 2 6 – 2 hosts. In this example, there are 62 hosts per subnet. You need to subtract 2 for the subnet address and the broadcast address, which are not valid hosts. powered by DJ

16. What are the valid subnets? 256 – subnet mask = block size, or increment number. An example would be 256 – 192 = 64. The block size of a 192 mask is always 64. Start counting at zero in blocks of 64 until you reach the subnet mask value and these are your subnets. 0, 64, 128, 192. What’s the broadcast address for each subnet? Now here’s the really easy part. Since we counted our subnets in the last section as 0, 64, 128, and 192, the broadcast address is always the number right before the next subnet. For example, the 0 subnet has a broadcast address of 63 because the next subnet is 64. The 64 subnet has a broadcast address of 127 because the next subnet is 128. And so on. And remember, the broadcast address of the last subnet is always 255. powered by DJ

17. What are the valid hosts? Valid hosts are the numbers between the subnets, omitting the all 0s and all 1s. For example, if 64 is the subnet number and 127 is the broadcast address, then 65–126 is the valid host range—it’s always the numbers between the subnet address and the broadcast address. powered by DJ

18. Subnetting Practice Examples: Class C Addresses Practice Example #1C: 255.255.255.128 (/25) Since 128 is 10000000 in binary, there is only 1 bit for subnetting and 7 bits for hosts. We ’ re going to subnet the Class C network address 192.168.10.0. 192.168.10.0 = Network address 255.255.255.128 = Subnet mask Now, let ’ s answer the big five: How many subnets? Since 128 is 1 bit on (10000000), the answer would be 2 1 = 2. How many hosts per subnet? We have 7 host bits off (10000000), so the equation would be 2 7 – 2 = 126 hosts. powered by DJ

19. What are the valid subnets? 256 – 128 = 128. Remember, we’ll start at zero and count in our block size, so our subnets are 0, 128. What’s the broadcast address for each subnet? The number right before the value of the next subnet is all host bits turned on and equals the broadcast address. For the zero subnet, the next subnet is 128, so the broadcast of the 0 subnet is 127. powered by DJ

20. What are the valid hosts? These are the numbers between the subnet and broadcast address. The easiest way to find the hosts is to write out the subnet address and the broadcast address. This way, the valid hosts are obvious. The following table shows the 0 and 128 subnets, the valid host ranges of each, and the broadcast address of both subnets: Subnet 0 128 First host 1 129 Last host 126 254 Broadcast 127 255 powered by DJ

21. Variable-Length Subnet Masks VLSM allows an organization to use more than one subnet mask within the same network address space. Implementing VLSM is often called subnetting a subnet. It can be used to maximize addressing efficiency. Consider the table below in which the subnets are created by borrowing 3 bits from the host portion of the Class C address, 207.21.24.0. Subnet NumberSubnet Address Subnet 0207.21.24.0/27 Subnet 1207.21.24.32/27 Subnet 2207.21.24.64/27 Subnet 3207.21.24.96/27 Subnet 4207.21.24.128/27 Subnet 5207.21.24.160/27 Subnet 6207.21.24.192/27 Subnet 7207.21.24.224/27 powered by DJ

22. THANK YOU powered by DJ