1. DIT314 ~ Client Operating System & Administration CHAPTER 9 SUPPORTING TCP/IP, DNS USING WINDOWS XP Prepared By : Suraya Alias

2. 9.1Introducing To TCP/IP TCP/IP – Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Is a communication language or protocol for communication between computers connected to the internet What is IP? The network protocol used for sending network packets over a TCP/IP network or the internet What is Address? The unique number ID assigned to one host or interface in a network by Windows XP and others What is Subnet? A portion of a network sharing a particular subnet address What is Subnet mask? A 32 bit number used to separate between the host and network id in an IP Address What is Getaway? A middle computer (router) A computer uses a getaway in order to communicate to other host in a network

3. 9.2Configuring and Troubleshooting TCP/IP 9.2.1Understanding IP Address Decimal Format Example : 192.68.20.50 (for us to remember) Binary Format Example : 11000000.01000100.00010100.00110010 (for comp) Octets The four numbers in an IP Address Because it has 8 position/bit in binary format If you add all the positions, you get 32 (8bit+8bit+8bit+8bit) That’s why IP Address is considered a 32-bit numbers! Example > 11000000.01000100.00010100.00110010 Octet (1) 11000000 8 bit Octet (2) 01000100 8 bit Octet (3) 00010100 8 bit Octet (4) 00110010 8 bit

4. 9.2.1.1 Converting Octets to decimal By using the power of 2 ; Example 1; 9.2Configuring and Troubleshooting TCP/IP Example 2;

5. 9.2.1.1 Converting Octets to decimal Example of IP address represented in decimal and binary 9.2Configuring and Troubleshooting TCP/IP 10. 1. 23. 19 00001010 00000001 00010111 00010011 Decimal Binary 9.2.2 IP Addresses: Network and Host The octets(8 bit) are used to create classes of IP Address that can be assigned to business, government or others (based on size and needs) The octets can be split into NETWORK id and HOST id 1. Network id – always contains the first octet, used to identify the network that a computer belongs to 2. Host id – contains the last octet, identifies the actual computer on the network

6. 9.2.2 IP Addresses: Network and Host There are 5 different classes of network. ( A,B,C,D,E ) 9.2Configuring and Troubleshooting TCP/IP IP Classes8 bits Usage Class ANHHH- Large network (international company Class BNNHH- Medium sized net (college campus) Class CNNNH- Small to mid size biz (small co) Class DMulticast Class EExperimental

7. 9.2.2 IP Addresses: Network and Host Range and example of IP Address 9.2Configuring and Troubleshooting TCP/IP IP AddressRangeExample Class A1.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255115.24.53.107 N.H.H.H Class B128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255145.24.53.107 N.N.H.H Class C192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255195.24.53.107 N.N.N.H Class D224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255224.24.53.107 N.H.H.H Class E240.0.0.0 – 254.255.255.255240.24.53.107 N.H.H.H

8. Classes Total # Of Bits For Network ID / Host ID First Octet of IP Address Number of Possible Network IDs # Of Host IDs Per Network ID Class A8 / 240xxx xxxx2 7 -2 = 126 2 24 -2 = 16,277,214 Class B16 / 1610xx xxxx2 14 = 16,3842 16 -2 = 65,534 Class C24 / 8110x xxxx2 21 = 2,097,1522 8 -2 = 254 WHY deduct 2 from Host ID? Two addresses cannot be used because binary addresses with a host portion of all 1 and 0 are INVALID! 9.2Configuring and Troubleshooting TCP/IP

9. 9.2.3 Subnet Mask Used by the TCP/IP protocol to determine whether a host is on local subnet or on a remote network 9.2Configuring and Troubleshooting TCP/IP IP AddressRange of first octetSubnet Mask Class A0 – 127255.0.0.0 Class B128 – 19255.255.0.0 Class C192 – 223255.255.255.0 Class D224 – 239N/A Class E240 – 255N/A

10. 9.2.4 Special Address 9.2Configuring and Troubleshooting TCP/IP Special AddressExplanations Default networkIP Address : 0.0.0.0, used for default network Loopback AddressIP Address : 127.0.0.1,used by host computer to send message to itself Broadcast AddressIP Address : 255.255.255.255, used to broadcast message to all computer on a network 9.2.5 Private Address To prevent IP address conflicts between addresses IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

11. Windows XP provides 4 methods of assigning IP Addresses to TCP/IP clients 9.3Assigning IP Address 1) Static IP Addressing - Manually configure the IP address - Time consuming, prone to error 2) Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) - Automatic configuration the IP - Default addressing method in windows XP 3) Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) -Automatic assign private IP address to client where DHCP not available -only can communicate between APIPA addresses 4) Alternate IP configuration - Make use more than one IP at one time, as long as only one is used at one time

12. Enables the pc to automatically assign itself an IP address where DHCP is not available It selects an IP range from 169.254.0.0 – 169.254.255.255 reserved by IANA Useful when; No previous IP Address and no DHCP server Previous IP Address and no DHCP server Lease expires and no DHCP server 9.4APIPA 9.5 Testing TCP/IP connections Ping – to check connectivity between devices on a network Ipconfig – to view current configuration information for a computer Tracert – to figure out exactly where along the route the breakdown happened Pathping – combination of ping and tracert

13. Is a naming system that is used in TCP/IP networks to translate computer names to IP address Example : www.cosmopoint.com.my equals to 203.142.6.21www.cosmopoint.com.my Key elements of DNS; DNS servers run by companies Internet service provider 9.6.1 Domain namespace Is a naming scheme that provides the hierarchical structure for the DNS database 9.6.1Domain Name System (DNS) Domain NamespaceExample 1) Root domain - single domain represented by single period (.). Example : cosmopoint.com 2) Top level domain-2-4 characters code. -Example: gov, com, edu 3) Second level domain-subdomain -Example: cas.cosmopoint.com 4) Host names - Leftmost portion of a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) - Example: Computer1.cas.cosmopoint.com