1. The Vitamins Chapter 10 & 11

2. The Water-Soluble Vitamins: B and C (there are 8 B Vitamins) The Fat-Soluble Vitamins: A, D, E, and K

3. What are Vitamins? - small organic molecules - essential nutrients - required in very small quantities e.g.5  g / day of Vit D 400  g / day of folate 400  g / day of folate 14  g / day of biotin 14  g / day of biotin Compare this to the energy nutrients

4. Energy Nutrients Assume a 2000 kcal / day diet % Carbs:? % Lipids:? % Proteins: ?

5. Energy Nutrients Assume a 2000 kcal / day diet % Carbs: 55% x 2000 kcal = 1100 kcal % Lipids: 30% x 2000 kcal = 600 kcal % Proteins: 15% x 2000 kcal = 300 kcal 275 g Carbs, 67 g Lipids, 75 g Protein

6. What do Vitamins look like?

7. What do Fat Soluble Vitamins look like?

8. What do Vitamins actually do? - they are co-factors or co-enzymes - they help proteins perform various functions within the body. e.g. - enzymes in energy metabolism e.g. - enzymes in energy metabolism - vision (Vit. A) - vision (Vit. A)

9. Coenzyme Action

10. The Water-Soluble Vitamins: B and C

11. Metabolic pathways involving B Vitamins

12. Getting Proper Levels of Vitamins If the guidelines of diet-planning are followed, individuals in the developed world should not have a problem. However, there are things to consider: 1)Bioavailability 2)Stability 3)Solubility 4)Toxicity

13. Understanding Dose Levels vs Health Effects

14. The B Vitamins - Thiamin- Riboflavin - Niacin- Biotin - Pantothenic acid - Pyridoxine - Folate - Cyanocobalamin Lets look at 2……

15. ©2001 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Thiamin Pork is the richest source of thiamin, but enriched or whole-grain products typically make the greatest contribution to a day’s intake because of the quantities eaten.

16. Thiamin (TPP) - Vit B 1 Thiamin (TPP) - Vit B 1 - involved in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA - deficiency results in a condition known as beriberi - damage to nervous system, brain function, heart and muscles.

17. ©2001 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Folate (Folic Acid) Leafy green vegetables, legumes, liver, and some fruits are naturally rich in folate.

18. Folate (Folic acid) - involved in the synthesis of DNA, especially in newly formed cells - deficiency results in anemia and GI tract deterioration - in the developing fetus, neural tube defects have been linked to low folate levels

19. When dietitians say “vitamin C,” people think “oranges,” but these foods also are rich in vitamin C. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

20. - deficiency results in scurvy - involved in the synthesis of collagen

21. Vitamin C RDA (75 - 100 mg/day) Linus Pauling Common cold And Heart Disease 75 90 2000

22. The Fat-Soluble Vitamins: A, D, E and K

23. Forms of Vitamin A

24. Vitamin A Deficiency - 100 million children worldwide suffer from some form of Vit A deficiency - Infectious Disease - Measles kills 2 million children each year - Night Blindness and Xerophthalmia - Keratinization (RDA = 700 - 900  g / day)

25. ©2001 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. The carotenoids in foods bring colors to meals ….. the retinoids in our eyes allow us to see them.

26. Retinol’s Role in Vision

28. Vitamin D Deficiency - rickets in children - osteomalacia in adults leading to osteoporosis (AI = 5  g / day)

29. Vitamin D synthesis and activation Part from diet Part from biosynthesis

30. Vitamin D synthesis and Latitude ©2001 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

31. Vitamin D can be synthesized in the body with the help of sunlight or obtained from foods derived from animals. A deficiency causes rickets in childhood. Fortified Milk is an important food source.

32. Vitamin E Deficiency:  -tocopherol - Primary deficiency is very rare - Secondary deficiency: (usually associated with a lack of fat absorption) - Erythrocyte hemolysis - Neuromuscular dysfunction (RDA = 15 mg / day)

33. Free Radical Formation

34. Anti-oxidant Protection Against Free Radicals

35. Vitamin E Supplements Vitamin E has 3 stereogenic centres Therefore, when made synthetically: 2 x 2 x 2 = 8 different forms ONLY 1 is the NATURAL & ACTIVE form 1 / 8 th

36. Vitamin K Deficiency - Primary deficiency is rare because it is produced from bacteria in the GI. - Secondary deficiency: 1) altered fat absorption 2) drugs such as antibiotics kill or disrupt bacterial production of Vit. K (AI = 90 - 120  g / day)

37. Vitamin K Deficiency - Hemorrhagic disease (uncontrolled bleeding) - Bone Health - i.e. osteoporosis (involved in the activation of 3 bone health related proteins) - Calcification of Arterial Plaques (increased risks of heart disease and arterial sclerosis)

38. ©2001 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Notable food sources of vitamin K include: milk, eggs, brussels sprouts, collards, liver, cabbage, spinach, and broccoli.

39. Phytochemicals in Disease Prevention Phytochemicals - metabolites produced by plants e.g. 1) Antioxidant activity 2) Phytosterols

40. Anti-oxidant Protection Against Free Radicals

41. Phytochemicals in Disease Prevention Broccoli Sprouts Apples: Flavonoids Garlic & Onions: Allicin (S) Tomatoes: Lycopene Flax: Lignan Red Wine: Resveratrol