1. Chapter 20: Nutritional Application of Vitamins to Human and Animal Health Chapter overview: –Chapter 20 presents the impacts of vitamins on animal health: identification and sources of the vitamins functions of the vitamins impacts of vitamin deficiencies

2. Historical Perspective: Funk (1912) - introduced the term vitamine, meaning “vital amine” Later the word vitamin was adopted, also referring to the latin term vita for “life”

3. Vitamin Definition: Organic compounds essential for normal growth and maintenance of life –Required only in minute amounts –Do not contribute energy, but some are critical to metabolism of energy –Some are metabolic, but not dietary, essentials due to synthesis in the body –Although some are chemically similar to each other, there is no common chemistry of vitamins

4. Vitamin Nomenclature: Vitamins were originally categorized as: –Fat soluble: extractable with lipid solvents vitamins A, D, E, K –Water soluble: extractable in water solution vitamin C and the B-complex group

5. Vitamin A: Functions - regeneration of visual purple, essential for normal epithelial tissue Deficiency symptoms - night blindness, keratinization of epithelium, xeropthalmia Major sources - yellow corn, alfalfa, liver, fish liver oils Precursor - carotene

6. Vitamin D: Functions - calcium and phosphorus absorption and metabolism Deficiency symptoms - rickets, osteomalacia, decreased egg laying Major sources - cured hay, fish liver oils, irradiated yeast, milk fat, egg yolk

7. Vitamin E: Functions - antioxidant, normal reproduction and hatchability Deficiency symptoms - infertility in some species, skeletal muscular dystrophy, exudative diathesis, encephalomalacia, liver necrosis Major sources - germ of cereal grains, egg yolk, oilseed oil, alfalfa

8. Vitamin K: Functions - prothrombin formation for normal blood clotting Deficiency symptoms - hemorrhages in various tissues Major sources - green, leafy plants; liver; egg yolk; fish meal

9. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid): Functions - formation and maintenance of intercellular material Deficiency symptoms - scurvy, bleeding gums, anemia Major sources - citrus fruits; tomatoes; green, leafy vegetables Note - generally not a dietary requirement for domestic animals

10. Thiamine (B1): Functions - essential in carbohydrate metabolism and energy transfer Deficiency symptoms - lack of appetite, beriberi in humans, polyneuritis in birds, reproductive failure in horses Major sources - milk products, brewer’s yeast, cereals and their byproducts, liver

11. Riboflavin (B2): Functions - energy transfer, protein metabolism Deficiency symptoms - lesions of skin, eye, and nervous system; depressed appetite; curly toe paralysis in chickens Major sources - milk, cheese, liver, kidney, eggs, fish, green forages, oil meals

12. Pantothenic Acid: Functions - metabolic reactions as a component of coenzyme A Deficiency symptoms - retarded growth, skin lesions and depigmentation, goose- stepping in pigs Major sources - cereal grains and their byproducts, liver, egg yolk, milk, alfalfa

13. Nicotinic Acid (niacin): Functions - energy transfer Deficiency symptoms - pellagra (black tongue), dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, loss of appetite and weight Major sources - milk, meat, eggs, green vegetables, peanut butter, animal and fish byproducts Note - can be partially spared by tryptophan

14. Pyridoxine (B6): Functions - protein metabolism Deficiency symptoms - dermatitis in pigs and poultry, anemia in puppies and pigs Major sources - yeast, liver, meat, egg yolk, milk, cereal grains, vegetables

15. Biotin: Functions - fat synthesis, deamination of amino acids Deficiency symptoms - dermatitis, loss of hair, nervous system disturbances, perosis in chicks Major sources - whole grains, milk, yeast, organ meats

16. Folic Acid: Functions - synthesis of purines and certain methyl groups, erythropoiesis Deficiency symptoms - retarded growth, anemia, poor feathering Major sources - green, leafy vegetables; organ meats; cereals; soybeans; animal byproducts

17. Cyanocobalamin (B12): Functions - carbohydrate and fat metabolism, nucleic acid synthesis Deficiency symptoms - retarded growth, low hatchability of eggs, uncoordinated gait, anemia in humans Major sources - milk, meat and animal byproducts, fish meal

18. Choline: Functions - maintenance of cell structure, fat metabolism in liver, transmission of nerve impulses Deficiency symptoms - fatty liver, renal tubule degeneration, enlarged spleen, kidney hemorrhage Major sources - milk, meat eggs, fish, fats

19. Related: Inositol Functions - lipotropic action in rat diets in which other vitamins are deficient Deficiency symptoms - alopecia Major sources - phytin in plant products

20. Related: Para-aminobenzoic Acid Functions - growth stimulant in chicks; anti-gray hair factor in rodents Deficiency symptoms - graying hair in animals other than humans Major sources - a synthetic product

21. Vitamin Expression: Vitamin potency is expressed in two ways: –Activity: International Units (IU) are the units of expression, defined as the activity created (example: growth) by a particular amount of a vitamin. Example: 0.3 micrograms of crystalline vitamin A alcohol = 1 IU –Weight: most B-complex vitamins are reported in supplements by weight. Example: niacin reported as 5mg/lb of a feedstuff

22. Vitamin Assays: Biological assay- feeding known amounts of vitamins to vitamin-depleted animals and assessing performance Microbiological assay - using microbes as test subjects in a biological assay method Chemical assay - determination of concentration based upon analysis for specific chemical characteristics