1. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 by Pearson Education. Reproduced by permission of the publisher. Further reproduction is prohibited without written permission from the publisher. This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Personality and Its Assessment www.ablongman.com/lefton9e

2. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 What is Personality? –A pattern of relatively permanent traits, dispositions or characteristics –Give consistency to an individual’s behavior

3. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 The Psychodynamic Approach to Personality Focuses on unconscious process The Psychoanalytic Theory of Sigmund Freud –Early childhood experiences and fantasies –Oedipus Complex –Psychoanalysis

4. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 The Psychoanalytic Theory of Sigmund Freud Levels of Mental Life a. Conscious b. Preconscious c. Unconscious Freudian slip

5. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 The Psychoanalytic Theory of Sigmund Freud The Structure of the Mind a. Id Pleasure principle b. Ego Reality Principle c. Superego

6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 The Psychoanalytic Theory of Sigmund Freud Development of Personality –5 psychosexual stages of personality development Erogenous zones

7. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Development of Personality a. Oral Stage –Birth to age 2 b. Anal Stage –Ages 2–3

8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Development of Personality c. Phallic Stage –Ages 4–7 –Boys: Oedipus complex –Castration anxiety –Girls: Penis envy –Controversial –Insulting to women –Disputed by researchers

9. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Development of Personality d. Latency Stage –Ages 7 to puberty e. Genital Stage –Onset of puberty through adulthood

10. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 The Psychoanalytic Theory of Sigmund Freud Sex and Aggression: The Two Great Drives Drive toward life –Expressed through sex –Libido Drive toward death –Expressed through aggression Inner conflict from socially unacceptable behaviors or feelings

11. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 The Psychoanalytic Theory of Sigmund Freud Defense Mechanisms –Unconscious –Protect ego against anxiety –Have some element of repression

12. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Defense Mechanisms a. Rationalization b. Regression

13. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Defense Mechanisms c. Projection d. Reaction formation e. Displacement

14. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Defense Mechanisms f. Denial –Refusing to recognize the true source of anxiety Sublimation --channeling unacceptable impulses into what is socially more acceptable –Only defense mechanism that tends to benefit society

15. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 The Psychoanalytic Theory of Sigmund Freud Freud Today –Some elements of truth: –Some behavior motivated by the unconscious Children’s identification with parents Defense mechanisms –However, theory is sharply criticized today Overemphasis on sexual urges Psychosexual stages rejected by many Does not account for context and culture

16. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 The Psychodynamic Approach to Personality Adler and Individual Psychology –Striving for Superiority or Success Natural feelings of inferiority motivate striving for: –Superiority Overcompensation

17. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Adler and Individual Psychology Family Constellations - Birth Order –Affect important personality characteristics Early recollections –Style of life influences how we interpret early experiences Adler’s theory less influential than Freud’s

18. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 The Psychodynamic Approach to Personality Jung and Analytical Psychology Analytical psychology Self-realization or perfection Collective unconscious – a shared collection or storehouse of archetypes Archetypes – emotionally charged ideas and images inherited from one’s ancestors

19. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Jung and Analytical Psychology Quest for self-realization involves accepting specific archetypes –Shadow –Men must recognize their anima –Women must recognize their animus

20. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Jung and Analytical Psychology Jung’s ideas widely known, but not widely accepted

21. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 The Theory of Karen Horney a) Basic Anxiety – fear of abandonment in a potentially hostile world b) The powerful role of culture in shaping personality c) Described the “neurotic” personality

22. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Can Personality Be Learned? The Power of Learning –Operant conditioning explains personality for the behaviorists Past experiences Skinner

23. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Trait and Type Theories A trait is any readily identifiable, stable quality that characterizes how an individual differs from others –Related to disposition (biological ) –Exist on a continuum A type is a category or collection of related traits

24. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Trait and Type Theories The Five-Factor Model 1. Neuroticism–Stability 2. Extraversion–Introversion 3. Openness to experience 4. Agreeableness–Antagonism 5. Conscientiousness–Undirectedness

25. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Humanistic Approach Focuses on well-adjusted people Phenomenological approach –Focus on individuals’ unique experiences and how they interpret them –Emphasizes current, not past, experience –Focus on self-determination –Free will and responsibility

26. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Humanistic Approach Maslow and Self-Actualization –Hierarchy of needs –Studied psychologically healthy people –Very few become self-actualized

27. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Maslow and Self-Actualization Characteristics of self-actualized people –Accept themselves, others, and nature –Spontaneous, simple, and natural –Problem- not person-centered –Childlike appreciation of the world –High levels of social interest –Creative –Non-conformist Everyone has the potential to be self- actualized Theory is virtually untestable

28. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Humanistic Approach Rogers and Self Theory Basics of Carl Rogers’s (1902 – 1987) theory Three basic assumptions about behavior –People have potential for growth –Perceptions of the self and the world determine behavior Personality development motivated by fulfillment

29. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Basics of Rogers’s Theory Three conditions necessary for fulfillment –Empathy –Unconditional positive regard –Congruent relationship

30. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Rogers and Self Theory The Self-Concept and the Ideal Self –Self-concept –Ideal self –Incongruence –Leads to anxiety –May motivate change

31. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Humanistic Approach Positive Psychology –Focuses on well-being, contentment, hope, optimism, and happiness

32. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Cognitive Approaches –How we think affects how we feel and affects our behavior –Emphasis on personal construction of reality is similar to the humanistic approaches –Emphasis on cognition makes it dissimilar

33. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Cognitive Approaches Rotter and Locus of Control –Types External locus of control Internal locus of control –Influences how people identify causes of success and failure –Influences achievement

34. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Cognitive Approaches Bandura and Self-Efficacy –Self-efficacy is a person’s belief about whether she or he can successfully perform a specific behavior –Those with higher self-efficacy attribute success to internal factors

35. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Bandura and Self-Efficacy Observation of positive role models or receiving reinforcement increases self-efficacy Self-efficacy determines and flows from feelings of self-worth

36. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Personality Assessment Process of evaluating individual differences –Goals of personality assessment –Explaining behavior –Diagnosing and classifying behavioral problems

37. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Personality Assessment Projective Tests –Use standard sets of ambiguous stimuli –Assumed that unconscious feelings and motives are projected onto the stimuli –Example: What is this? Someone with high aggression might see a rocket Someone else might see an angel –Related to psychodynamic approaches to personality

38. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Projective Tests 1. The Rorschach Inkblot Test New scoring system Little usefulness for diagnosing psychological problems The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Lack of standardized scoring system Create stories from ambiguous pictures

39. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Personality Assessment Personality Inventories –Most widely used psychological tests, next to intelligence tests –Well-constructed inventories are valid predictors of behavior

40. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Personality Inventories Myers–Briggs Type Inventory (MBTI) –Based on Jung’s theory Modalities define personality type Four dimensions –Extraversion–Introversion –Sensing–Intuition –Thinking–Feeling –Judging–Perceiving