1. International Financial Markets Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

2. International Business 5e Chapter 9 - 2 Chapter Preview Discuss the international capital market Describe the international bond, international equity, and Eurocurrency markets Identify the foreign exchange market’s functions Explain currency quotes and the rates given Identify the instruments of foreign exchange Discuss government restrictions on currencies

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall International Business 5e Chapter 9 - 3 Capital Market Debt: Repay principal plus interest  Bond has timed principal & interest payments Equity: Part ownership of a company  Stock shares in financial gains or losses System that allocates financial resources according to their most efficient uses

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall International Business 5e Chapter 9 - 4 International Capital Market Network of people, firms, financial institutions, and governments borrowing and investing internationally Borrowers  Expands money supply  Reduces cost of money Borrowers  Expands money supply  Reduces cost of money Lenders  Spread / reduce risk  Offset gains / losses Lenders  Spread / reduce risk  Offset gains / losses

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall International Business 5e Chapter 9 - 5 International Capital Market Drivers Information technology Deregulation Financial instruments

6. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall International Business 5e Chapter 9 - 6 Country or territory whose financial sector features few regulations and few, if any, taxes Country or territory whose financial sector features few regulations and few, if any, taxes Operational center Extensive financial activity and currency trading Operational center Extensive financial activity and currency trading Booking center Mostly for bookkeeping and tax purposes Booking center Mostly for bookkeeping and tax purposes Offshore Financial Centers

7. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall International Business 5e Chapter 9 - 7 International Bond Market Foreign bondInterest ratesEurobond Bond that is issued outside the country in whose currency the bond is denominated Bond sold outside a borrower’s country and denominated in the currency of the country in which it is sold Driving growth are differential interest rates between developed and developing nations Market of bonds sold by issuing companies, governments, and others outside their own countries

8. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall International Business 5e Chapter 9 - 8 International Equity Market Market of stocks bought and sold outside the issuer’s home country Privatization Investment banks Developing nations Electronic markets

9. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall International Business 5e Chapter 9 - 9  Governments  Commercial banks  International companies  Wealthy individuals Eurocurrency Market Unregulated market of currencies banked outside their countries of origin

10. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall International Business 5e Chapter 9 - 10 Foreign Exchange Market Conversion: To facilitate sale or purchase, or invest directly abroad Hedging: Insure against potential losses from adverse exchange-rate changes Arbitrage: Instantaneous purchase and sale of a currency in different markets for profit Speculation: Sequential purchase and sale (or vice-versa) of a currency for profit Market in which currencies are bought and sold and their prices are determined

11. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall International Business 5e Chapter 9 - 11 Quoting Currencies Quoted currency = numerator Base currency = denominator Quoted currency = numerator Base currency = denominator (¥/$) = Japanese yen needed to buy one U.S. dollar Yen is quoted currency, dollar is base currency

12. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall International Business 5e Chapter 9 - 12 Currency Values Change in U.S. dollar against Norwegian krone February 1: NOK 5/$ March 1: NOK 4/$ %change = [(4-5)/5] x 100 = -20% U.S. dollar fell 20% Change in Norwegian krone against U.S. dollar Make krone base currency (1÷ NOK/$) February 1: $.20/NOK March 1: $.25/NOK %change = [(.25-.20)/.20] x 100 = 25% Norwegian krone rose 25%

13. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall International Business 5e Chapter 9 - 13 Cross Rate Exchange rate calculated using two other exchange rates Use direct or indirect exchange rates against a third currency

14. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall International Business 5e Chapter 9 - 14 Cross Rate Example Direct quote method 1) Quote on euro = € 0.6354/$ 2) Quote on yen = ¥ 106.81/$ 3) € 0.6354/$ ÷ ¥ 106.81/$ = € 0.0059/¥ 4) Costs 0.0059 euros to buy 1 yen Indirect quote method 1) Quote on euro = $ 1.5737/€ 2) Quote on yen = $ 0.009362/¥ 3) $ 1.5737/€ ÷ $ 0.009362/¥ = € 168.09/¥ 4) Final step: 1 ÷ € 168.09/¥ = € 0.0059/¥ 5) Costs 0.0059 euros to buy 1 yen

15. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall International Business 5e Chapter 9 - 15 Spot Rate Exchange rate requiring delivery of traded currency within two business days Repatriate income from sales abroad Invest in another national market Pay supplier in its own currency

16. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall International Business 5e Chapter 9 - 16 Forward Rate Rate at which two parties will exchange currencies on a specified future date  Forward Contract  Derivative  Premium vs. Discount

17. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall International Business 5e Chapter 9 - 17 Currency swap Simultaneous purchase and sale of foreign exchange for two different dates Currency option Option to exchange a specific amount of a currency on a specific date at a specific rate Currency futures contract Contract requiring the exchange of a specific amount of a currency on a specific date at a specific rate, with all conditions fixed and not adjustable Swaps, Options, and Futures

18. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall International Business 5e Chapter 9 - 18 24-Hour Trading

19. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall International Business 5e Chapter 9 - 19 Key Market Institutions Interbank market Securities exchange Market in which the world’s largest banks exchange currencies at spot and forward rates Market in which the world’s largest banks exchange currencies at spot and forward rates Exchange that specializes in currency futures and options transactions Exchange that specializes in currency futures and options transactions Global computer network of foreign exchange traders and other market participants Global computer network of foreign exchange traders and other market participants Over-the-Counter (OTC) market

20. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall International Business 5e Chapter 9 - 20 Goals of Currency Restriction Protect a currency from speculators Protect a currency from speculators Constrain individuals and companies from investing abroad Constrain individuals and companies from investing abroad Preserve hard currency to repay debts owed to other nations Preserve hard currency to repay debts owed to other nations Preserve hard currency to pay for imports and finance trade deficits Preserve hard currency to pay for imports and finance trade deficits

21. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall International Business 5e Chapter 9 - 21 Currency Restriction Policies Multiple exchange rate system Import deposit requirements What’s a firm to do? “Countertrade” Quantity restrictions

22. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall International Business 5e Chapter 9 - 22 Chapter Review Discuss the international capital market Describe the international bond, international equity, and Eurocurrency markets Identify the foreign exchange market’s functions Explain currency quotes and the rates given Identify the instruments of foreign exchange Discuss government restrictions on currencies

23. International Financial Markets Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

24. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall