1. Nutrition and Vitamins Nestor T. Hilvano, M.D., M.P.H.

2. Learning Objectives 1.Define nutrients and compare fat soluble and water –soluble vitamins. 2.Define metabolic rate and discuss factors that alters BMR. 3.Discuss the mechanisms of thermoregulation.

3. Nutrients Ingested chemical used for growth, repair or maintenance Recommended daily allowances (RDA) –safe estimate of daily intake for standard needs Essential nutrients can not be synthesized –minerals, vitamins, 8 amino acids –Essential amino acid in young children is ______________. a. lysine b. histidine c. proline d. arginine

4. Nutrients Carbohydrates found in 3 places in body –muscle and liver glycogen; blood glucose –RDA 175 g/day; serves as fuel Dietary fibers (RDA is 30g/day) Lipids = adult male 15% fat; female 25% fat Proteins (44-90 g/day)= 12-15% of body mass; mostly in skeletal muscle Malnutrition ___ - energy deficiency resulting to weight loss ___- lack of protein resulting to bilateral edema a. Kwashiorkor b. Marasmus

5. Vitamins Body synthesizes some vitamins from precursors –niacin, vitamin A and D –vitamin K, pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid produced by intestinal bacteria Water-soluble vitamins = ____________ –absorbed with water in small intestine; not stored; include vitamin ___. Fat-soluble vitamins = include ___. –absorbed with dietary lipids; stored a. Vitamin A,D,E,K b. Vitamin B, C

6. Fat soluble Vitamins Vitamin A –A structural component of visual pigment retinal Vitamin D –Is converted to calcitriol, which increases rate of intestinal calcium and phosphorus absorption Vitamin E –Stabilizes intracellular membranes Vitamin K –Helps synthesize several proteins, including three clotting factors

7. Metabolic Rate Amount of energy used in the body in a given period of time (kcal/hr or kcal/day) Basal metabolic rate (BMR) –relaxed, awake, fasting, room comfortable temperature –adult male BMR is 2000 kcal/day (slightly less female) Factors affecting total MR –pregnancy, anxiety, fever, eating, thyroid hormones –prolonged starvation and depression

8. Homework (Self-Review) 1.Define terms: nutrition, malnutrition, marasmus, kwashiorkor, BMR, thermoregulation. 2.Differentiate water soluble vitamins and fat soluble vitamins. 3.Discuss the effect of pregnancy on her BMR. 4.What effect does peripheral vasoconstriction during hot summer day have on your body temperature?