1. The Fat-Soluble Vitamins
A, D, E, and K
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2. The Fat-Soluble Vitamins
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3. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene
Retinoids and carotenoids
Vitamin A activity
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4. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene
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5. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene
Retinol-binding protein (RBP)
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6. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene
Roles in the body
Vitamin A in vision
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7. Vitamin A in protein synthesis and cell differentiation
Roles in the body
Vitamin A in protein synthesis and cell differentiation
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8. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene
Roles in the body
Vitamin A in reproduction and growth
Beta-carotene as an antioxidant
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9. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene
Recommendations
Retinol activity equivalents (RAE)
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10. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene
Vitamin A in foods
The colors of vitamin A foods
Vitamin A-poor fast foods
Vitamin A-rich liver
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11. In Summary Other names 2001 RDA Retinol Retinal Retinoic acid
Precursors are carotenoids such as beta-carotene
2001 RDA
Men: 900 g RAE/day
Women: 700 g RAE/day
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12. In Summary Upper level for adults: 3000 g/day
Chief functions in the body
Vision
Maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin
Bone and tooth growth
Reproduction
Immunity
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13. In Summary Significant sources
Retinol: fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, fortified margarine, eggs, liver
Beta-carotene: spinach and other dark leafy greens; broccoli, deep orange fruits (apricots, cantaloupe) and vegetables (squash, carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin)
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14. In Summary Deficiency disease: hypovitaminosis A Deficiency symptoms
Night blindness, corneal drying (xerosis), triangular gray spots on eye (Bitot’s spots), softening of the cornea (karatomalacia), and corneal degeneration and blindness (xerophthalmia)
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15. In Summary Deficiency symptoms (continued)
Impaired immunity (infections)
Plugging of hair follicles with keratin, forming white lumps (hyperkaratosis)
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16. Deficiency Symptom: Keratinization
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17. In Summary Toxicity disease: hypervitaminosis A
Chronic toxicity symptoms
Increased activity of osteoclasts causing reduced bone density
Liver abnormalities
Birth defects
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18. In Summary Acute toxicity symptoms Blurred vision
Nausea, vomiting, vertigo
Increase of pressure inside skull, mimicking brain tumor
Headaches
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20. Vitamin D Other names Calciferol 1,25-dihyroxy vitamin D (calcitriol)
Animal version: vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol
Plant version: vitamin D2 or ergocalciferol
Precursor is the body’s own cholesterol
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21. Vitamin D 1997 adequate intake (AI) Upper level for adults: 50 g/day
19-50 years: 5 g/day
51-70 years: 10 g/day
more than 70 years: 15 g/day
Upper level for adults: 50 g/day
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22. Vitamin D Chief functions in the body
Mineralization of bones (raises blood calcium and phosphorus by increasing absorption from digestive tract, withdrawing calcium from bones, stimulating retention by kidneys)
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23. Vitamin D Significant sources
Synthesized in the body with the help of sunlight
Fortified milk, margarine, butter, cereals, and chocolate mixes
Veal, beef, egg yolks, liver, fatty fish (herring, salmon, sardines) and their oils
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25. Vitamin D Deficiency diseases Rickets Osteomalacia
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26. Vitamin D Deficiency symptoms: rickets in children
Inadequate calcification, resulting in misshapen bones (bowing of legs)
Enlargement of ends of long bones (knees, wrists)
Deformities of ribs (bowed, with beads or knobs)
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27. Vitamin D Deficiency symptoms: rickets in children (continued)
Delayed closing of fontanel, resulting in rapid enlargement of head
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28. Vitamin D Deficiency symptoms: rickets in children (continued)
Lax muscles resulting in protrusion of abdomen
Muscle spasms
Deficiency symptoms: osteomalacia in adults
Loss of calcium, resulting in soft, flexible, brittle, and deformed bones
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29. Vitamin D Deficiency symptoms: osteomalacia in adults (cont.)
Progressive weakness
Pain in pelvis, lower back, and legs
Toxicity disease: hypervitaminosis D
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30. Vitamin D Toxicity symptoms Elevated blood calcium
Calcification of soft tissues (blood vessels, kidneys, heart, lungs, tissues around joints)
Frequent urination
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31. Vitamin E Other name: alpha-tocopherol 2000 RDA
Adults: 15 mg/day
Upper level for adults: 1000 mg/day
Chief function in the body
Antioxidant (stabilization of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation reactions, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A)
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32. Vitamin E
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33. Vitamin E Significant sources
Polyunsaturated plant oils (margarine, salad dressings, shortenings)
Leafy green vegetables, wheat germ, whole grains, liver, egg yolks, nuts, seeds
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34. Vitamin E Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen Deficiency symptoms
Red blood cell breakage
Nerve damage
Toxicity symptoms
Augments the effects of anticlotting medication
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35. Vitamin K Other names 2001 AI Phylloquinone Manaquinone Menadione
Naphthoquinone
2001 AI
Men: 120 g/day
Women: 90 g/day
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36. Vitamin K Chief functions in the body
Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins that regulate blood calcium
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37. Vitamin K Significant sources
Bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract
Liver
Leafy green vegetables, cabbage-type vegetables
Milk
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38. Vitamin K Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms Hemorrhaging
None known
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39. The Fat-Soluble Vitamins - In Summary
Interactions with each other
Interactions with minerals
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40. Antioxidant Nutrients In Disease Prevention
Free radicals and disease
Oxidative stress
Defending against free radicals
Oxidants and antioxidants
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41. Antioxidant Nutrients In Disease Prevention
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43. Antioxidant Nutrients In Disease Prevention
Defending against cancer
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44. Antioxidant Nutrients In Disease Prevention
Foods, supplements, or both?
Prooxidants
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