1. Slide 1 Exchange Rates and International Trade Market for U.S. dollars Comparative advantage Free trade U.S. balance of payments

2. Slide 2  1999 South-Western College Publishing Import & Export Sales and Exchange Rates The international competitiveness of products can be affected by exchange rates. Cummins Engine, a US exporter, faces a problem when the dollar strengthens in value. »Their engines become more expensive to foreign purchasers, if they keep the dollar price of engines constant.

3. Slide 3  1999 South-Western College Publishing Language used depends on exchange rate regime: floating or fixed »Appreciates or Depreciates -- Under Flexible FX Rate Regimes »Revalues or Devalues -- Under Fixed FX Rates Spot Price for FX -- current price (2 day delivery) Forward FX Price -- currency price for future delivery Foreign Exchange Terminology

4. Slide 4  1999 South-Western College Publishing Exchange Rates (1998) DM Spot and Forward Rates Country US $ equivalentPer US $ Thurs. Wed. Thurs.Wed. Germany (DM).5562.55761.79811.7985 30 day forward.5571.55851.79511.7905 90 day forward.5589.56041.78921.7845 180 day forward.5616.56311.78051.7760

5. Supply & Demand Model of Exchange Rates FX is used for trade and investment. Use a supply & demand model to explore FX rates Demand for Marks: Demand is associated with US demand for imports from Germany and purchase of German securities D $/DM DM

6. We expect that as the price of German products to U.S. customers goes down, there will be greater demand for DM. As the dollar has more purchasing power in Germany (at point B), Americans will want more Marks. DM $/DM A B

7. Supply of DM & Market Clearing in FX Supply of DM -- Supply is associated with German demand for US exports and US investments. Market Clears-- no excess demand or excess supply of DM In Flexible Markets, buying & selling through international banks D D $/DM DM S1S1 S1S1

8. SUPPOSE: There is a rise in the Inflation Rate in the US Both Supply & Demand of DM Shift German products appear cheaper US exports appear more expensive The Mark appreciates, and the dollar depreciates D D $ 1 /DM DM S D' S' $ 2 /DM

9. Slide 9  1999 South-Western College Publishing Exchange Rates: One Year Changes in ‘97 52 Wk High 52 WK Low Close %Change 52 Wks British Pound in US$ $1.71 $1.50 $1.657 +7.96% Canadian Dollar in US$ $0.75$0.71$0.703 -4.5% Swiss Franc Per US$ 1.491.191.44 -15.30% or$0.67$0.84$.69 (it was at $.81) Japanese Yen Per US$ 131.33104.59130.2 -18.09% or$.0079$.0096$.0077 (it was at $.0094) German Mark Per US$ 1.731.471.78 -15.15% or$0.58$.0.68$0.56 (it was at $0.66) Exchange Rates: One Year Changes in ‘97 52 Wk High 52 WK Low Close %Change 52 Wks British Pound in US$ $1.71 $1.50 $1.657 +7.96% Canadian Dollar in US$ $0.75$0.71$0.703 -4.5% Swiss Franc Per US$ 1.491.191.44 -15.30% or$0.67$0.84$.69 (it was at $.81) Japanese Yen Per US$ 131.33104.59130.2 -18.09% or$.0079$.0096$.0077 (it was at $.0094) German Mark Per US$ 1.731.471.78 -15.15% or$0.58$.0.68$0.56 (it was at $0.66)

10. Cross Rates: Dow Jones Telerate Interbank for $1 million or more (1998) US DollarPoundYenD-Mark Canada1.43622.3913.01103.79873 France6.030010.040.046333.3535 Germany1.79812.9938.01381--------- Italy1777.02958.713.652988.27 Japan130.16216.72---------72.388 Mexico8.467014.098.065054.7098 Netherlands2.02343.3690.015551.1253 Switzerland1.48972.4804.01145.82849 U.K..60060---------.00461.33402 U.S.---------1.6650.00768.55614 Upper triangle(above dashed lines) are in home country as in 130 yen for a dollar, ¥/$. Lower BOLD triangle are in foreign currency as in less than a penny a yen, $/¥

11. Slide 11  1999 South-Western College Publishing Bid - Ask Spreads Market makers earn their profit on the spread ASK price price willing to sell Bid price price willing to buy.66 627.66 539.66 627.66 539

12. Slide 12  1999 South-Western College Publishing Key Currencies & Cross Rates Markets develop in each pair of currencies If there are N=4 countries, there are as many as N(N-1)/2 = 6 different possible FX rates With the US as a Key currency, can reduce the number to only 3 For hundreds of countries, chief or key currencies is natural B A C D

13. Slide 13  1999 South-Western College Publishing Economic Exposure (or Risk) involves the impact of exchange rates on a firm’s cash flows Economic decisions should incorporate expectations about future exchange rates. Firms may self insure by accepting these risks »or they may buy foreign exchange insurance via entering into contracts such as forward contracts. Economic Exposure (or Risk) involves the impact of exchange rates on a firm’s cash flows Economic decisions should incorporate expectations about future exchange rates. Firms may self insure by accepting these risks »or they may buy foreign exchange insurance via entering into contracts such as forward contracts. Exchange Rates, Cash Flows, & Risk

14. Slide 14  1999 South-Western College Publishing Types of Hedges Internal hedges – multinational firms buy and sell within the firm in any currency that they select. Hedges using forward contracts – firms can offset exposure in foreign currency by buying or selling that amount of currency in a forward contract. Hedges using future contracts – firm may offset risk with a futures contract in that currency. Hedges using currency swaps – firms may agree to exchange (swap) streams of payments in different currencies, with adjustments at each settlement date.

15. Slide 15  1999 South-Western College Publishing Asset - Liability Management for Exchange Risk One simple approach to reduce exchange rate exposure is to structure parent and subsidiaries such that exchange rate changes affect assets and liabilities in tandem. Method: Suppose that  percent of the business exported to country X, the firm could borrow the  percentage in the currency of country X. Hence, financing is a convenient way to arrange forms of hedging “revenue” assets.

16. Slide 16  1999 South-Western College Publishing Exchange Risk & Stockholders Eliminating all exchange risk may not be in the interest of shareholders. If shareholders are well diversified, they may not be particularly sensitive to unsystematic variations due to changes in exchange rates and "exchange risk", especially if reducing that risk sacrifices profits.

17. Slide 17  1999 South-Western College Publishing Long-Run Exchange Rate Determinants 1.Countries tend to have declining value of their currency when they run trade deficits, and tend to have rising currency values if they run trade surpluses. 2.Long-run trends in exchange rates are affected by differences in inflation-adjusted interest rates. High relative interest rates attract investors, tending to raise the value of the currency. 3.Countries with high inflation tend to depreciate; countries with low relative inflation appreciate.

18. Slide 18  1999 South-Western College Publishing Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) Purchasing power parity says that the price of traded goods tends to be equal around the world. The law of one price. »if exchange rates are flexible and there are no significant costs or barriers to trade. S 1 1 + (  h ) S 0 ( 1 +  f ) S 1 / S 0 shows the expected change in the direct quote of a currency. The right side of the equation is the ratio of home and foreign inflation rates. If the foreign inflation rises (  f ), then the domestic expected future spot rates S 1 declines. =

19. Slide 19  1999 South-Western College Publishing : Problems (or qualifications) with relative PPP: PPP is sensitive to the starting point, S 0. The base time period may not in equilibrium Differences in the traded goods, or cross-cultural differences, may make prevent the law of one price to equilibrate price differences. The inflation rate may include non-traded goods. PPP tends to work better in the long run than in short run changes in inflationary expectations.

20. Slide 20  1999 South-Western College Publishing International Trade and Trading Blocs Countries restrict trade through tariffs, quotas, and currency restrictions. Several regions have reduced trade restrictions »MERCOSUR (in South America) »NAFTA (in North America) »EU (the European Union, or often the European Community) »looser arrangements in Southeast Asia (ASEAN) »APEC throughout the Pacific area including the US, Mexico, and Canada.

21. Slide 21  1999 South-Western College Publishing Comparative Advantage Countries or firms should produce more of those goods for which they have lower opportunity cost. Relative Cost in USRelative Cost in Japan Automotive carburetors.4 Chips1.25 Chips Computer Chips2.5 Carburetors.8 Carburetors I t costs $120 in the US to make a carburetor and $300 to make chips, the “cost” of a carburetor is the.4 chips foregone (take the ratio $120/$300 to find.4 chips). The US relative cost of carburetors is much lower than that of the Japanese (1.25 Chips), whereas the Japanese relative cost of chips (.8 Carburetors) is much lower than that of the US. Japan should make chips and US should make carburetors.

22. Slide 22  1999 South-Western College Publishing Trade Deficits and the Balance of Payments Current account = goods and service trade flows, receipts and payments US assets abroad and foreign assets in the US, and unilateral governmental and private transfers Capital account = capital inflows and outflows of foreign assets. The current account (deficit or surplus) comes from a capital account (surplus or deficit) to balance payments. This is the idea behind the accounting identity of the balance of payments.