1. 1 Vitamins Monika Yadav

2. Vitamins Vitamins are essential organic nutrients, required in small amounts. They cannot be synthesized by the body. Must be obtained by outside sources like diet, rumen bacteria & sun. Required for growth, maintenance, reproduction and lactation.

3. 3 The Nature of Vitamins Vitamins are organic (carbon) compounds needed for normal function, growth and maintenance. Vitamins are cofactors, they don’t do anything by themselves. They are not a source of calories.

4. 4 The Nature of Vitamins Organic cofactors – what is a cofactor? – Water analogy, scissor analogy Physiological role – specific metabolic function Prevents disease – unlike “supplements” which may promote “some thing” or have general metabolic effect ( ex. Omega 3s, fibers) Natural = Synthetic (except Vitamin E)

5. 5 Vitamin Requirements Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI): recommendation for individuals (more accurate, but would be impossible to label) – Age – Gender – Pregnancy – Lactation

6. 6 Vitamin Requirements Daily Reference Values (DRV): standards established for protein and other dietary components lacking a RDA or nutrient standard Constitute part of the Daily Values (DV) used on food labels

7. 7 Fat Soluble Vitamins A – orange, carotenoids, vision, antioxidant- used as color and antioxidant D – we make it with sunlight, deficiency causes rickets, in milk, regulates Ca:P ratios E – tocopherols, antioxidants, role in preventing stroke, cancer, heart disease- used as antioxidant K – contributes to blood clotting factor

8. 8 Vitamin A Lots of double bonds, good anti-oxidant

9. 9 Vitamin A Carrotinoids Used in food industry as a colorant (orange) (label friendly) Antioxidant (label friendly) Stored in liver Important for sight – Deficiency causes ~500,000 cases of “night blindness” worldwide Genetically engineered rice with high Vitamin A can prevent night blindness Carrotenosis

10. 10 Vitamin D Also known as calciferol due to its role in calcium absorption Main role is to maintain calcium and potassium levels It is the only fat soluble vitamin that we can make- in the presence of sunlight Can be made from cholesterol

11. 11 Vitamin D Can be stored in fat tissues (as can all fat soluble vitamins) Elderly and shut ins are at risk- not enough sunlight We get vitamin D form fortified milk and cereal Toxicity is very dangerous – Occurs only from excess supplementation – Can lead to calcium deposits in kidneys, heart and blood vessels

12. 12 Vitamin D Rickets can be caused by lack of sunlight, but also from insufficient calcium. Vitamin D linked to calcium absorption. (Rickets reported in NYC.)

13. 13 Vitamin E A family of eight naturally occurring compounds Used as an anti-oxidant in foods Since aging is considered an “oxidation” reaction, many “anti-oxidants” are used as dietary supplements Deficiencies are not well understood Role is stroke, cancer, heart, and immune response Americans spend $300 million per year on vitamin E supplements

14. 14 Vitamin K Contributes to synthesis of seven blood clotting factors Can be reactivated to continue biological action Works as a cofactor for an enzyme that makes two bone proteins

15. 15 Water Soluble Vitamins Relatively cheap to add to food Only Vitamin C is used for its functionality

16. 16 Water Soluble Vitamins B 1, thiamine B 2, riboflavin B 6, pyridoxamine B 12 Biotin Panothenic acid Niacin Folacin Vitamin C

17. Water Soluble Vitamins Vitamin B 1 – Thiamine – Involved in carbohydrate metabolism – Helps body metabolize glucose, affects central nervous system – Deficiency causes Beri beri (Singlese, “I can’t, I can’t”) B 2 - riboflavin – Energy metabolism

18. 18 Water Soluble Vitamins B 6 - Pyridoxamine – Neurotransmitter, co-enzyme in over 100 reactions B 12 – – Development of red blood cells – Lack of it makes one anemic – Hard for vegans to get

19. 19 Water Soluble Vitamins Biotin – – Involved in fatty acid synthesis – Deficiency causes skin disease and hair loss Panthothenic acid – Found in many foods – Essential for metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, alcohol and fat

20. 20 Water Soluble Vitamins Choline – A major component of cell membranes – Folacin = Folate = Folic acid – Deficiency causes neural tube defects – in utero – Took Rutgers Professor 20 years to for FDA approval as enrichment Why?

21. 21 Vitamin C Ascorbic acid Very inexpensive to add to food, marketing tool. Antioxidant Deficiency leads to bleeding gums, hemorrhages High in citrus fruits, limes, (Limeys)

22. 22 Vitamin C - Scurvy

23. 23 Niacin (B3) Energy metabolism Disease – pellagra – The Four D’s – Dermatitis – Diarrhea – Dementia – Death

24. Poor posture? Ca & P Which nutrient deficiencies does Cap. KS have? Childless/ reproductive dysfunction? B 2 & A Bleeding gums & Scurvy? C Lameness? D & E Night blindness? A Blood won’t clot? K

25. Vocabulary Review Nutrients: chemical substances in food that are used by the body to produce energy and tissues. Vitamins: essential organic nutrients, required in small amounts, that cannot be synthesized by the body. Required for growth, maintenance, reproduction and lactation. Vitamin deficiency: decline in health due to the lack of a vitamin in a ration.

26. Vocabulary Review Fat soluble vitamin: a vitamin that can be stored and accumulated in the liver and other fatty tissues. Water soluble vitamin: a vitamin that cannot be stored in the tissues. Must be provided regularly as deficiencies can develop in a short time. Minerals: essential inorganic compounds, required in small amounts. Required for growth, maintenance, reproduction and lactation. Macrominerals: required in large amounts. Micromineralsrequired in small amounts.