1. Unit 10 Chapter 35 The Digestive Endocrine Systems
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2. The Digestive System Functions: Ingestion
Mechanical & chemical digestion
Absorption
Elimination of solid wastes

3. The Digestive System Mouth: Teeth Adapted for tearing & grinding food
Tongue
Adapted for tasting, & swallowing food, speech
Salivary glands
Secretes enzymes for digestion of starch

4. The Digestive System Esophagus
Muscular passageway that connects the throat to the stomach
Peristalsis
Wavelike contractions for moving food through the digestive tract

5. The Digestive System Stomach
Muscular, pouch-like enlargement of the digestive tract
Mechanical digestion, muscular churning
Chemical digestion, gastric fluids begin the digestion of protein

6. The Digestive System Small intestine
Muscular tube connecting the stomach and large intestine
Completion of digestion by chemicals added from pancreas & liver
Absorption of food by villi
Fingerlike projections that increase the surface area

7. Cross-section of Small Intestine showing villi

8. The Digestive System Liver (I) Gall bladder (H) Pancreas (D)
Large organ that produces bile, which breaks down fats
Gall bladder (H)
Small organ storing bile from liver
Pancreas (D)
Soft gland that secretes both digestive enzymes & hormones

9. The Digestive System Large intestine
Muscular tube leading from the small intestine to the rectum
Absorption of water & minerals
Synthesis of vitamins by symbiotic bacteria
Elimination of indigestible wastes

10. Nutrition Carbohydrates (sugars & starches)
The body’s main source for energy
Lipids (fats, oils & waxes)
Stores energy for the body and used as building materials for cell membrane
Proteins
Provides cell structure & function, i.e. enzymes, hormones, antibodies, etc

11. Nutrition Minerals & vitamins For normal growth and chemical reactions
Minerals are inorganic, such as iron, iodine, & sodium
Vitamins are organic, such as riboflavin, niacin, & ascorbic acid
Water
Facilitates chemical reactions, universal solvent, maintains body temperature

12. Calories measure energy content of food in units of heat

13. The Endocrine System
Ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
Hormones
Chemical messengers relaying information to other, target, organs

14. The Endocrine System Negative feedback
Increasing one hormone inhibits another to reduce the production of the second hormone
Ex: insulin decreases sugar while glucagon increases sugar, together maintaining blood sugar levels

15. The Endocrine System Hypothalamus
Portion of the brain that connects the nervous and endocrine system (pituitary g.)
Pituitary gland
Secretes 9 hormones that directly regulate the actions of several other endocrine glands
Ex: Growth hormone is essential for normal growth & development

17. The Endocrine System Thyroid gland
Has a major role in regulating the body’s metabolism
Ex: Calcitonin regulates calcium levels in the blood

18. The Endocrine System Adrenal gland
Plays a major role in preparing the body for stressful situations
Ex: Epinephrine (adrenalin) is associated with the body’s fight or flight reactions