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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Short Course 5th edition Davi-Ellen Chabner
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Digestive System Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives Name the organs of the digestive system and describe their locations and functions. Describe disease processes and symptoms that affect these organs. Define combining forms for organs and the meaning of related terminology using these word parts.
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction Digestive or gastrointestinal system performs three main functions: digestion absorption elimination
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. INTRODUCTION: DIGESTION Food is broken down and travels through the gastrointestinal tract. Digestive enzymes aid breakdown of complex nutrients. Proteins → amino acids Sugars → glucose Fats → fatty acids
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. INTRODUCTION: ABSORPTION Digested food passes into bloodstream through walls of small intestine. Nutrients travel to all cells of the body Cells burn nutrients to release energy stored in food.
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. INTRODUCTION: ELIMINATION Body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into bloodstream. The large intestine concentrates feces. The wastes pass out of the body through the anus.
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Organs of the Digestive System The gastrointestinal tracts begins with the oral cavity.
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Oral Cavity Major parts of the oral cavity
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Oral Cavity Major parts of the oral cavity
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Oral Cavity (cont’d.) Upper permanent teeth within the dental arch →
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Oral Cavity (cont’d.) Upper permanent teeth within the dental arch
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Oral Cavity (cont’d.) Anatomy of a tooth
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Oral Cavity (cont’d.) Anatomy of a tooth
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Oral Cavity (cont’d.) Salivary glands
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pharynx Deglutition
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Pharynx Deglutition (swallowing)
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Esophagus/Stomach Parts of the stomach
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Esophagus/Stomach Parts of the stomach
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. The Digestive Tract
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. The Digestive Tract
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Small Intestine (cont’d.) Villi in the lining of the small intestine
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Large Intestine Parts of the large intestine
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Large Intestine Parts of the large intestine
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d.) Besides producing bile and releasing bilirubin, the liver: helps maintain normal blood glucose levels manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting removes toxins and poisons from the blood
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ: 1. What happens if bilirubin cannot leave the body and remains in the bloodstream? A.gluconeogenesis B.emulsification C.hyperbilirubinemia D.glycogenolysis
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d.) The pancreas and its functions
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus Food Pathway through the GI Tract
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus Food Pathway through the GI Tract
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ: 2. Which term is the first part of the large intestine? A.cecum B.duodenum C.jejunum D.pylorus
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Terminology Combining FormMeaning an/oanus append/oappendix appendic/oappendix cholecyst/ogallbladder col/ocolon colon/ocolon duoden/oduodenum esophag/oesophagus gastr/ostomach hepat/oliver
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Terminology – (cont.) Combining FormMeaning ile/oileum jejun/ojejunum or/omouth pancreat/opancreas pharyng/opharynx proct/oanus &rectum rect/orectum sigmoidsigmoid colon stomat/omouth
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Additional Terminology Combining FormMeaning Cholangi/obile duct Choledoch/ocommon bile duct
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Treatment Procedures Three types of anastomoses – refer to p. 98
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Treatment Procedures – cont. Colostomy p.98, 218 Ileostomy p.98, 218 Laraparoscopic surgery p.219 Cholecystectomy p. 93, 219
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures – p. 218 Abdominal computed tomography (CT) Scan Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Barium tests Cholangiography Gastrointestinal endoscopy Hemocult test Liver Function Tests Stool culture Virtual colonscopy
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pathology of the Digestive System Examples of signs and symptoms: anorexia - lack of appetite ascites - abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen eructation - gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth steatorrhea - fat in the feces; frothy, foul- smelling fecal matter
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pathologic Conditions Oral Cavity and Teeth: aphthous stomatitis - inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers dental caries - tooth decay herpetic stomatitis- inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpesvirus. oral leukoplakia- white plaques or patches periodontal disease- inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth and surrounding bone.
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pathologic Conditions Upper Gastrointestinal Tract achalasia - failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pathologic Conditions Upper Gastrointestinal Tract esophageal varices - swollen, varicose veins at lower end of the esophagus. gastric carcinoma – malignant tumor of the stomach.
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pathologic Conditions Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pathologic Conditions Upper Gastrointestinal Tract gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach peptic ulcer – Open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum.
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pathologic Conditions Upper Gastrointestinal Tract hernia – Protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it.
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pathologic Conditions Lower Gastrointestinal Tract (Small and Large Intestines) anal fistula – Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus. colonic polyposis – Polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon.
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pathologic Conditions Lower Gastrointestinal Tract (Small and Large Intestines) colorectal cancer – Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both.
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pathologic Conditions Lower Gastrointestinal Tract (Small and Large Intestines) Crohn disease – Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract. diverticulosis – Abnormal side pockets (outpouchings in the intestinal wall.
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. dysentery – Painful, inflamed intestines hemorrhoids – Swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region ileus – Failure of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines Pathologic Conditions Lower Gastrointestinal Tract (Small and Large Intestines)
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pathologic Conditions Lower Gastrointestinal Tract (Small and Large Intestines) intussusception – Telescoping of the intestines IBS – Irritable bowel syndrome- group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension ulcerative colitis – Chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers volvulus – Twisting of the intestines on itself
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pathologic Conditions Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas cirrhosis – chronic degenerative disease of the liver pancreatitis – inflammation of the pancreas viral hepatitis – inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. cholelithiasis – gallstones in the gallbladder in the gallbladder Pathologic Conditions Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. What abbreviations do you already know? P.219 ALT, AST BE GB GERD GI IBD IBS LFTs NPO TPN
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