1. Speech and Language
Test
Language

2. Class Exercise Get out 1 piece of paper Feedback on class
Briefly describe how language works?
Explain clinical example

3. Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms
Cerebrovascular accident:
A “stroke”; brain damage caused by occlusion or rupture of a blood vessel in the brain.
Aphasia:
Difficulty in producing or comprehending speech not produced by deafness of a simple motor deficit; caused by brain damage.
Lateralization function:
Most language disturbances occur after damage to the left side of the brain, whether people are left-handed or right handed.
Cerebral dominance:
In approximately 90 percent of the total population the left hemisphere is dominant for speech.

4. Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms
Broca’s aphasia:
A form of aphasia characterized by agrammatism, anomia, and extreme difficulty in speech articulation.
Function word:
A preposition, article, or other word that conveys little of the meaning of a sentences but is important in specifying its grammatical structure.
Content word:
A noun, verb, adjective, or adverb that conveys meaning.
Broca’s area:
A region of frontal cortex, located just rostral to the base of the left primary motor cortex, that is necessary for speech production.

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7. Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms
Agrammatism:
One of the usual symptoms of Broca’s aphasia; a difficulty in comprehending or properly employing grammatical devices, such as verb endings and word order.
Anomia:
Difficulty in finding (remembering) the appropriate word to describe an object, action, or attribute; one of the symptoms of aphasia.

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9. Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms
Apraxia of speech:
Impairment in the ability to program movements of the tongue, lips, and throat required to produce the proper sequence of speech sounds.

10. Overlapping region (yellow) for different language disorders with apraxia of speech
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11. Left anterior insula - articulation
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12. Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms
Speech Comprehension
Wernicke’s area:
A region of auditory association cortex on the left temporal lobe of humans, which is important in the comprehension of words and the production of meaning speech.
Wernicke’s aphasia:
A form of aphasia characterized by poor speech comprehension and fluent but meaningless speech.

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14. Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms
Speech Comprehension
Pure word deafness:
The ability to hear, to speak and usually to read and write without being able to comprehend the meaning of speech; caused by damage to Wernicke’s area or disruption of auditory input to this region.

15. Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms
Speech Comprehension
Transcortical sensory aphasia:
A speech disorder in which a person has difficulty comprehending speech and producing meaningful spontaneous speech but can repeat speech; caused by damage to the region of the brain posterior to Wernicke’s area.

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17. Electrical stimulation interferes with comprehension
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21. Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms
Speech Comprehension
Autotopagnosia:
Inability to name body parts or to identify body parts that another person names.
How would you measure this?

22. Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms
Repetition: Conduction Aphasia
Arcuate fasciculus:
A bundle of axons that connects Wernicke’s area with Broca’s area; damage caused conduction aphasia.
Conduction aphasia:
An aphasia characterized by the inability to repeat words that are heard but the ability to speak normally and comprehend the speech of others.

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24. Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms
Memory of Words: Anomic aphasia
Anomic aphasia:
Aphasia characterized by difficulty in finding words, the speech of patients with this aphasia is fluent and grammatical, and their comprehension is excellent.
Circumlocution:
A strategy by which people with anomic aphasia find alternative ways to say something when they are unable to think of the most appropriate word.

25. Rehearsal: phonological loop
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26. Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms
Prosody: Rhythm, Tone, and Emphasis in Speech
Prosody:
The use of changes in intonation and emphasis to convey meaning in speech besides that specified by the particular words; an important means of communication of emotion.

28. Disorders of Reading and Writing
Reading and Writing: school neuropsychology
Multiple pathways in brain
Pure alexia:
Loss of the ability to read without the loss of the ability to write; produced by brain damage.
Also known as pure “word blindness” or “alexia without agraphia”

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30. Disorders of Reading and Writing
Toward an Understanding of Reading
Whole-word reading:
Reading by recognizing a word as a whole; “sight reading.”
Phonetic reading:
Reading by decoding the phonetic significance of letter strings; “sound reading.”

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33. Disorders of Reading and Writing
Toward an Understanding of Reading
Surface dyslexia:
A reading disorder in which a person can read words phonetically but has difficulty reading irregularly spelled words by whole-word reading.
Results from over reliance on phonetic strategy
Phonological dyslexia:
A reading disorder in which a person can read familiar words but has difficulty reading unfamiliar words or pronounceable nonwords.
Results from over reliance on visual-word strategy

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37. Disorders of Reading and Writing
Toward an Understanding of Reading
Word-form dyslexia:
A disorder in which a person can read a word only after spelling out the individual letters.
Direct dyslexia:
A language disorder caused by brain damage in which the person can read words aloud without understanding them.

38. Disorders of Reading and Writing
Toward an Understanding of Reading
Phonological dysgraphia:
A writing disorder in which the person cannot sound out words and write them phonologically.
Orthographic dysgraphia:
A writing disorder in which the person can spell regularly spelled words but not irregularly spelled ones.

39. Disorders of Reading and Writing
Developmental Dyslexia
Developmental dyslexia:
A reading difficulty in a person of normal intelligence and perceptual ability; of genetic origin or caused by prenatal or perinatal factors.
Disproportionate left-handed. 10 times more likely to have LD

40. Given noun, supply verb
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41. Proficient word readers: Shaywitz
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